導讀在我們看來，電動汽車似乎是汽車發展的新階段，也許有朝一日將會取代不環保的汽油汽車但是，你知道電動汽車的出現要早于普通汽油汽車嗎？其實，電動發動機的發明要比內....

在我們看來，電動汽車似乎是汽車發展的新階段，也許有朝一日將會取代不環保的汽油汽車但是，你知道電動汽車的出現要早于普通汽油汽車嗎？其實，電動發動機的發明要比內燃機早，因此電動汽車的出現也就比汽油發動機要早了早在19世紀，人們就已經乘坐上電動汽車了那時的電動發動機和現在有什么區別呢？，現在小編就來說說關于電動車坐姿?下面內容希望能幫助到你，我們來一起看看吧!

電動車坐姿

在我們看來，電動汽車似乎是汽車發展的新階段，也許有朝一日將會取代不環保的汽油汽車。但是，你知道電動汽車的出現要早于普通汽油汽車嗎？其實，電動發動機的發明要比內燃機早，因此電動汽車的出現也就比汽油發動機要早了。早在19世紀，人們就已經乘坐上電動汽車了。那時的電動發動機和現在有什么區別呢？

Has it finally come?

它終于來了嗎？

Is the future now?

現在是未來世界了嗎？

Weve got jetpacks, hoverboards, holograms – all the things we only used to see in old sci-fi movies!

我們已經有了噴氣背包、懸浮滑板、全息圖——所有東西我們以前只能在老科幻電影里看到！

Well maybe not the jetpacks so much…

好吧，也許噴氣背包還沒普及。

And now: electric cars you plug into the wall like a cellphone!

現在，電動汽車可以像手機一樣插墻上充電。

So who came up with the idea, and how does the technology really work?

那么是誰提出了這個想法，以及該技術如何真正實現的呢？

Before we rejoice in the future, lets first take a trip to the past…

在我們歡慶未來之前，讓我們先穿越回一趟過去……

Oh, well be going a lot further back than you think.

哦，我們要回到的過去會比你想的要遠得多。

Youll probably be as surprised as I was to find out that electric cars arent a 21st-century invention.

你可能會和我一樣驚訝地發現，電動汽車并不是21世紀的發明。

That is, electric-powered motors came out pretty much at the same time as petroleum-driven engines, that is, the ones that run on fossil fuels like gas and diesel.

也就是說，電動發動機和石油發動機幾乎是同時出現的。石油發動機即那些使用汽油和柴油等化石燃料的發動機。

Almost two centuries ago, in 1828, a Hungarian engineer named ányos Jedlik invented the first prototype of the electric motor, and used it to power a small model car.

大約兩個世紀前，在1828年，一位名叫耶德利克·阿紐什的匈牙利工程師發明了第一個電機的原型，并用它驅動了一輛小型汽車。

And he wasnt the only one with an interest in that sort of technology.

他并不是唯一一個對這種技術感興趣的人。

In 1834, blacksmith Thomas Davenport created a similar device that could be driven at short distances using an electric track.

1834年，鐵匠托馬斯·達文波特發明了一種類似的電動車，可以在電動軌道上短距離內行駛。

Does that ring any bells?

想起來什么了嗎？

Think streetcars later on!

想想之后的有軌電車吧！

And over in the Netherlands, university professor Sibrandus Stratingh built a tiny electric car powered with non-rechargeable batteries.

在荷蘭，大學教授西布蘭德·斯特拉廷斯制造了一輛配備著不可充電電池的微型電動汽車。

Now, even though the idea of a battery-powered vehicle was to revolutionize peoples lives for the better, primary cell batteries (thats the "use once and toss" kind) werent the way to go for obvious reasons.

現在，雖然電動汽車的想法是為了讓人們的生活變得更好，但顯而易見，原電池（即用即棄的那種）并不實用。

They needed too many batteries to run the motor over long distances at such low speeds.

這些電動車需要太多的電池來驅動馬達在如此低的速度下跑很遠的距離。

It wasnt until 1859 when French physicist Gaston Plante invented the lead acid battery that changed the electric engine game for good.

直到1859年，法國物理學家加斯頓·普蘭特發明了鉛酸電池，才徹底改變了電動引擎的局面。

Many countries began producing electric three-wheeled cars until the US made a huge breakthrough.

許多國家都開始生產電動三輪汽車，直到美國取得重大突破。

In 1891, they created the first electric vehicle, and get this: it was a 6-passenger wagon that could go up to 14 miles per hour.

1891年，美國出現了第一輛電動汽車，聽聽這個——它是一輛6人座的貨車，時速可達14英里。

Hey, that was major back then!

嘿，那在當時很厲害的！

After that, people were thrilled, and the electric car market thrived.

在那之后，人們都很興奮，電動汽車市場蓬勃發展。

In the late 1890s, electric-powered taxis filled the streets of London.

19世紀90年代末，電動出租車充斥了倫敦的街道。

At that time, electric cars had many advantages over steam-powered and gas-guzzling engines.

當時，電動汽車比蒸汽動力和耗油發動機有很多優勢。

They didnt vibrate, they didnt give off that awful burning gasoline smell that were all familiar with, and, most importantly, they didnt require much effort to start.

它們不會震動，也不會散發出我們都熟悉的那種可怕的汽油燃燒氣味，最重要的是，它們不需要花太多力氣就能啟動。

By the early 1900s, almost one-third of cars in the US were electric-powered.

到20世紀初，美國近三分之一的汽車是電動的。

But that wasnt going to last long…

但這沒有持續很長時間……

By the late 1920s, infrastructure in the US had improved significantly, and vehicles needed to go further more efficiently.

到20世紀20年代末，美國的基礎設施得到了顯著改善，車輛需要進一步提高效率。

So, fossil-fuel cars took the lead because they got the job done.

所以，化石燃料汽車占據了領先地位，因為它們達到了要求。

You see, the top speed that electric cars could achieve was 15-20 miles per hour.

你看，電動汽車能達到的最高速度是每小時15到20英里。

Thats about how fast you can go pedaling on your bike!

那差不多就是你騎自行車的速度！

Another problem was that electric-powered engines back then could only travel 30-40 miles on one go, which means theyd need charging every couple of hours.

另一個問題是，當時的電動引擎一次只能行駛30-40英里，這意味著它們需要每隔幾小時充一次電。

And things were about to take a turn for the worse along with the improvement in infrastructure.

隨著基礎設施的改善，情況將會變得更糟。

Thats when the electric starter was invented, and gasoline cars began using it alongside mufflers, which made their noise a lot more tolerable.

就是那時，人們發明了電力起動器，汽油車開始將它和滅音器一起使用，這使得它們的噪音更容易忍受。

Electric cars took their final hit in 1910 when Henry Ford began his mass production of gas-powered vehicles, which made them ridiculously cheap whereas electric cars cost a lot more.

1910年，電動汽車遭到終極打擊，亨利·福特開始大規模生產汽油驅動的汽車，這使得它的價格低得離譜，而電動汽車的價格要高得多。

Companies then realized that there was no room for electric automobiles on the market, so they stopped producing them altogether.

隨后，汽車公司意識到，電動汽車在市場上沒有空間，所以它們停止了生產。

Fast-forward to the 21st century.

快進回到21世紀。

We now have advancements in technology and a greater concern for the environment.

現在，我們在技術方面取得了進步，也更加關注環境問題。

Add a fear of running out of resources to fuel our vehicles, and its no wonder automotive companies have decided to give electric cars another chance.

再加上驅使交通工具導致能源耗盡的擔憂，也難怪汽車公司決定再給電動汽車一次機會。

The main difference between electric and fossil-fueled cars is that the E-cars can use a variety of renewable sources to generate their electricity.

電動汽車和化石燃料汽車的主要區別是，電動汽車可以使用各種可再生能源來發電。

In fact, the science behind the electric car is surprisingly simple.

事實上，電動汽車背后的科學原理出奇的簡單。

Its basic principle is the alternating current, for which we have Nikola Tesla to thank more than a century ago.

它的基本原理是交流電，這個我們需要感謝一個多世紀前的尼古拉·特斯拉。

Before you understand the science behind that, lets back up and first cover the differences between direct and alternating currents, thats DC and AC for short… or AC/DC if youre into hard rock.

在你了解這背后的科學之前，讓我們回顧一下直流電和交流電之間的區別，簡稱為DC和AC，或者如果你喜歡硬搖滾，就叫它們AC/DC。

An electric current is the movement of an electric charge that carries electrons.

電流是攜帶電子的電荷的運動。

An engine, for example, can be powered by direct current – which means that the electrons flow in one direction only.

例如，一臺發動機，可以由直流電提供動力，這意味著電子僅在一個方向上流動。

For most things that run on DC, thats from the battery to whatever its powering.

對于大多數使用直流電源的東西，所有能源都來自電池。

The electrons that move along an alternating current, on the other hand, periodically and consistently change direction.

另一方面，在交流電中移動的電子會周期性地、持續地改變方向。

Its pretty much all the electric power in your home, from your microwave to your game console.

這幾乎包含了你家里所有的電力，從微波爐到游戲機。

In short, if you could look at the two types of currents on a graph, direct would be a flat line and alternating would have regular uniform waves going up and down.

簡而言之，如果你能在圖表上看到這兩種電流，直流電是一條平坦的線，而交流電是有規則的均勻上下波動的線。

Or, to put it even more simply, DC would be like water running out of a bucket with a hole in the bottom.

或者，說得更簡單一點，直流電就像從底部有洞的桶里流出的水。

AC would be kind of like watching the water swishing around back and forth if you open the lid of your washer and look inside.

如果你打開洗衣機的蓋子往里面看，交流電就像在里面來回擺動的水流。

Ok enough of that, so what about electric cars specifically?

好了，那么電動汽車又如何呢？

Well, most of them convert the direct current electricity from the batteries into an alternating current.

它們大多數都是把電池里的直流電轉換成交流電。

Since electric cars dont have an internal combustion engine like gas-powered vehicles do, they use their space quite differently.

因為電動汽車不像汽油動力汽車那樣有內燃機，它們的使用空間非常不同。

Youd normally expect a big bulky battery to be in the front under the hood, but its completely different in electric cars.

人們通常會認為有一個巨大而笨重的電池在前引擎蓋下，但電動汽車完全不一樣。

They have 7,000 lithium-ion batteries that sit under the flooring!

它的底盤下面有7000塊鋰離子電池！

This battery pack has a longer lifespan and a higher power density – which makes them ideal for powering a vehicle.

這種電池組具有更長的使用壽命和更高的功率密度，這使它們成為驅動汽車的理想選擇。

But one of their vulnerabilities is overheating and thermal breakdown.

但它們其中一個弱點是過熱和熱擊穿。

Thats why electric cars have coolant running between them to prevent overheating.

這就是為什么電動汽車在它們之間放置冷卻劑，以防止過熱。

And theres all kinds of interesting stuff at the back of the car.

汽車后部有很多有趣的東西。

Thats where youll find the inverter, which is what converts that DC into AC and gives power to the engine.

有逆變器，它將直流電轉換成交流電，給引擎提供動力。

But it cant do that without the induction motor.

但如果沒有感應電機，它就做不到這一點。

Its also in the back, and it takes the alternating current that just came from the inverter and creates a rotating magnetic field that causes the motor to turn.

它也在汽車后部，它吸收來自逆變器的交流電，并產生旋轉磁場使電動機轉動。

Now, electric cars dont have a gearbox or lever, and all of them are automatic.

電動汽車沒有變速箱或杠桿，它們都是自動的。

They have a single speed transmission that sends power from the induction motor to the wheels.

它們具有單速變速箱，該變速箱將功率從感應電動機傳遞到車輪。

This is how the electric motor transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy.

這就是電動機將電能轉化為機械能的過程。

That is, the physical power that turns the wheels and sends you on your way!

也就是說，轉動車輪并帶你前進的物理動力。

But heres where it gets even more interesting.

但更有趣的是。

When you accelerate while driving, the car uses more energy.

當你在駕駛時加速，汽車會消耗更多的能量。

But when you brake, the energy is transformed into electricity through the induction motor.

但當你剎車時，能量就會通過感應電機轉化為電能。

Then, that electricity travels all the way back to the battery pack and is stored so that you can use it later!

然后，電流一路回到電池組并儲存起來，以便以后使用。

Now thats efficient!

這很有效率。

An electric car gets "juiced up" by being plugged into an outlet or a charging station, and they use three main levels of charging.

一輛電動汽車通過插入插座或充電站來充電，它們主要有三種級別的充電手段。

The first level is the basic charging you can do at home – it uses an outlet of 120 Volts and adds 2-5 miles of charging per hour.

第一級是可以在家進行的基本充電，它使用120伏特的插座，每小時可充電2-5英里。

Then, theres the second level – it uses Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment and has a higher voltage (220-240 Volts) to add 10-25 miles per hour of charging.

然后是第二個級別，它使用的是電動汽車供電設備，并且具有較高的電壓（220-240伏），每小時充的電可行駛10-25英里。

Finally, the third and most efficient one is the Direct Current charging station which does exactly what it says.

最后是第三個級別，也是最有效的一個，那就是直流電充電站，它的充電效果正如字面意思。

It uses direct current to add up to 80% of the cars battery charge in less than half an hour.

它利用直流電在不到半小時的時間內為汽車充電80%。

The cost of charging an electric car is dirt cheap as well.

給電動汽車充電的成本也非常便宜。

Itll cost you less than $5 to fully charge your electric vehicle at home, and you can get up to 150 miles on one charge.

在家里給電動汽車充滿電的成本不到5美元，而且一次充電可以跑150英里。

That, of course, depends on the size of the battery.

當然，這取決于電池的容量大小。

Bigger electric cars with bigger batteries can cost up to $15 to fully charge, but they can cover up to 300 miles.

電池容量更大的大型電動汽車最多需要花費15美元才能充滿電，但它們能行駛300英里。

Where do I sign?

我在哪能買到呢？

Now, electric cars are less expensive to run and maintain if we compare them to fuel-powered vehicles, but theres no denying that the car itself comes with a much higher price tag.

如果我們把電動汽車和燃油汽車相比，運行和維護起來更便宜，但不可否認的是，汽車本身的價格要高得多。

But still, according to a recent study, the average operating cost of an electric car is $485 a year, whereas a fossil-fuel automobile is $1,117.

但是，根據最近的一項研究，一輛電動汽車的平均運行成本是每年485美元，而一輛化石燃料汽車的運行成本是1117美元。

So, that higher initial price should pay itself off over time.

因此，更高的初始價格會隨著時間的推移而得到回報。

But theres still another problem.

但還有另一個問題。

One of the most expensive components of the electric car is its battery pack.

電動汽車最昂貴的部件之一是電池組。

Itll cost you an arm and a leg to replace if it breaks down – expect anywhere from $5,000 to $15,000 for replacement!

如果它發生故障，將需要花費大筆費用更換，估計要花5000到15000美元。

But most electric car manufacturers give the battery at least an 8-year warranty for up to 100,000 miles if that makes you feel any better about purchasing.

但大多數電動汽車制造商會給電池組至少8年的質保期，最長可行駛10萬英里，這能讓你購買時有更好的體驗。

The good news is that were seeing a huge movement toward electric-powered vehicles as a strategy to tackle fuel emissions and reduce pollution.

好消息是，我們看到電動汽車正朝著解決燃油排放和減少污染的戰略邁進。

The head of automotive research in Europe predicts that by 2025, all cars in Europe will be totally electric or at least hybrid.

歐洲汽車研究的負責人預測，到2025年，歐洲所有的汽車都將完全電動化，或者至少是混合動力汽車。

And many countries are setting goals to lower their fuel emissions in the next few years.

許多國家正在制定未來幾年減少燃料排放的目標。

So, who knows?

所以，誰知道呢？

Maybe sooner than later, well all be zipping around in electric cars, and gas guzzlers really will be a thing of the past!

也許遲早，我們所有人都將開著電動汽車到處跑了，"油老虎"將成為歷史。