導(dǎo)讀一、詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法：1、詞類：英語詞類分十種：，今天小編就來說說關(guān)于英語單詞構(gòu)詞歸納?下面更多詳細(xì)答案一起來看看吧!英語單詞構(gòu)詞歸納一、詞類、句子成....

一、詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法：1、詞類：英語詞類分十種：，今天小編就來說說關(guān)于英語單詞構(gòu)詞歸納?下面更多詳細(xì)答案一起來看看吧!

英語單詞構(gòu)詞歸納

一、詞類、句子成分和構(gòu)詞法：

1、詞類：英語詞類分十種：

名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。

1、名詞(n.)： 表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.

2、代詞(pron.)： 主要用來代替名詞。如：who, she, you, it .

3、形容詞(adj..)：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如：good, right, white, orange .

4、數(shù)詞(num.)： 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.

5、動(dòng)詞(v.)： 表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：am, is,are,have,see .

6、副詞(adv.)： 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.

7、冠詞(art..)：用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如：a, an, the.

8、介詞(prep.)： 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。如in, on, from, above, behind.

9、連詞(conj.)： 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and, but, before .

10、感嘆詞(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello.

2、句子成分：英語句子成分分為七種：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。

1、主語是句子所要說的人或事物,回答是“誰”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)

2、謂語動(dòng)詞說明主語的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么)”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打掃房間)

3、表語在系動(dòng)詞之后,說明主語的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)

4、賓語表示及物動(dòng)詞的對象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼這個(gè)詞)

有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語,一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語,指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他給我寫了一封信)

有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語前構(gòu)成短語,放在直接賓語后面,來強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他給我寫了一封信)

5、定語修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。如：

Shanghai is a big city .(上海是個(gè)大城市)

6、狀語用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,通常由副詞擔(dān)任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)

7、賓語補(bǔ)足語用來說明賓語怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他們通常讓教室保持清潔) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常幫我做功課) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老師要我自學(xué)法語)

☆同位語通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明它的情況。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？)

3、構(gòu)詞法：英語構(gòu)詞法主要有：合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。

1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。

2、派生法：

(1)派生名詞：①動(dòng)詞 er/or ②動(dòng)詞 ing ③動(dòng)詞 (t)ion ④形容詞 ness ⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge

(2)派生形容詞：①名詞 y ②名詞 ful ③動(dòng)詞 ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名 (i)an 如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious

(3)派生副詞：①形容詞 ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。

3、轉(zhuǎn)換法：

(1)形容詞→動(dòng)詞,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。

(2)動(dòng)詞→名詞,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。

(3)名詞→動(dòng)詞,如：hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。

(4)形容詞→副詞,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。

(5)副詞→連詞,如：when(什么時(shí)候)→(當(dāng)……時(shí)候),等等。

(6)介詞→副詞,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù)),等等。

二、名詞：

1、英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類：

1、專有名詞是個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。

專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫。

如：Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China(中華人民共和國)

專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall(長城)

姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。

2、普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱。如：pupil, family, man, foot.

普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。

▲可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange；

▲不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water, news, oil, population, information .

2、英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。

1、名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：

①在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如：map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.

②s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如：class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.

[注]：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如：photo→photos, piano→pianos.

③以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如：family→families, city→cities, party→parties.

④以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.

2、不規(guī)則變化：man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese

不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如：a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.

3、名詞所有格：

名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語。其構(gòu)成法如下：

(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加’s。如：Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my sister’s book(我姐姐的書)

(2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’。如：Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))

(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如：

today’s newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),

China’s population(中國的人口).

(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語來表示所有關(guān)系。如：

a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).

2、[注解]：

① ‘s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)

② 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如：Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)

③ “of 名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my father’s(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

4、名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題：

1、謂語和謂語基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語時(shí),

如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三

班有張中國地圖)

3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：there is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)

4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù)：The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)

5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如：

The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)

6、a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)

7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語則用單數(shù)。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)

8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)

9、用both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語時(shí),謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)

10、主語中含有with的短語時(shí),謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)

11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語時(shí),謂語采用就近原則。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你對,要么是他對。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)

12、表示一段時(shí)間或長度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語一般用單數(shù)。如：Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長的一段距離)

13、主語中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時(shí),謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)

但是,population一詞又有特殊情況： What’s the population of China?(中國人口是多少？)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))

5、部分名詞用法辨析：

1、sport、game、match、race 的區(qū)別：sport通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大；game意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng)；match意為“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽；race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運(yùn)會將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)

2、festival、holiday、vacation的區(qū)別：festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng)；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長的假期；vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長時(shí)間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？)

3、journey、tour、trip、travel的區(qū)別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來指觀光等；trip通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去圣地亞哥了嗎？) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)

4、sound、noise、voice的區(qū)別：sound指各種聲音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)

5、fish的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同；fishes 指許多種類的魚；fish指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)

三、代詞：

1、代詞的分類：英語中代詞分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。

2、人稱代詞：人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。

?

第一人

稱單數(shù)

第二人

稱單數(shù)

第三人稱單數(shù)

第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)

第二人稱復(fù)數(shù)

第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)

?

?

?

陽性

陰性

中性

?

?

?

主

格

I

(我)

you (你)

he

(他)

she

(她)

it

(它)

we

(我們)

you

(你們)

they (他們,她們,它們)

賓

格

me

(我)

you (你)

him

(他)

her

(她)

it

(她)

us

(我們)

you

(你們)

them (他們,她們,它們)

1、主格用來作句子的主語、表語。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購物) / Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎？) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了？) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他！)

2、賓格用來作及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語？) / Help me!(救救我！) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)

3、人稱代詞作表語或者放在比較狀語從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如：--Who is it?(是誰？) –It’s I/me.(是我。)

三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如：

Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒？) –You and me.(你和我)

人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動(dòng)名詞或者名詞性從句。如：--What’s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣？)—It’s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What’s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦？) –It’s 12：00.(12點(diǎn)) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好長的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺要學(xué)好一門外語是非常困難的)

3、物主代詞：說明事物所屬關(guān)系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種。

?

第一人

稱單數(shù)

第二人

稱單數(shù)

第三人稱單數(shù)

第一人稱復(fù) 數(shù)

第二人稱復(fù)數(shù)

第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)

?

?

?

陽性

陰性

中性

?

?

?

形容

詞性

my

(我的)

your

(你的)

his

(他的)

her

(她的)

its

(它的)

our

(我們的)

your

(你們的)

their (他們的,她們的,它們的)

名詞

性

mine

(我的)

Yours

(你的)

his

(他的)

hers

(她的)

its

(她的)

ours

(我們的)

yours

(你們的)

theirs(他們的,她們的,它們的)

1、形容詞性物主代詞只能作句子中名詞的修飾語,后面要跟名詞。如：

Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎？) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)

2、名詞性物主代詞相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不可以跟名詞。如：

This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒？) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)

3、“of 名詞性物主代詞”稱為雙重所有格,作定語時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如：

A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來看我。)

[試比較] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天來看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來看我。)

4、反身代詞：表示謂語的動(dòng)作與主語有關(guān)或者賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)作與賓語有關(guān)。

第一人

稱單數(shù)

第二人

稱單數(shù)

第三人稱單數(shù)

第一人稱復(fù)數(shù)

第二人稱復(fù)數(shù)

第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)

?

?

陽性

陰性

中性

?

?

?

myself

(我自己)

yourself

(你自己)

himself

(他自己)

herself

(她自己)

itself

(它自己)

ourselves

(我們自己)

yourselves

(你們自己)

themselves (他們/她們/它們自己)

1、反身代詞在句子中作賓語表示反射(指一個(gè)動(dòng)作回到該動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者本身)。如：

Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會割傷你的)

2、在句子中作同位語表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語氣)。如：

The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)

指示代詞： 指示說明近處或者遠(yuǎn)處、上文或者下文、以前或者現(xiàn)在的人或事物。

?

單數(shù)

復(fù)數(shù)

含義

this(這個(gè))

these(這些)

指較近的人和物

that(那個(gè))

those(那些)

指較遠(yuǎn)的人和物

such (這樣的人/物)

指上文提過的人和物

same (同樣的人/物)

指和上文提過的相同的人和物

it (這人/這物)

指不太清楚是誰或者是什么時(shí)

指示代詞既可以單獨(dú)使用做句子的主語、賓語或表語,也可以作定語修飾名詞。如：

What’s this?(這是什么？) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飛機(jī)是塑料做的)(被動(dòng)句) / Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說的做)/ ---Who is it?(是誰？) ---It’s me!(是我！)

6、關(guān)系代詞：用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的代詞叫關(guān)系代詞,參見后面的定語從句。

1、關(guān)系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語從句和主句連接起來。英語中的關(guān)系代詞一方面在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分,另一方面又起連接作用。

如：The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫畫的學(xué)生是一年級的)

2、關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如：

Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你認(rèn)識那個(gè)戴著紅帽子的男人嗎？)

3、關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如：Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書了嗎？)

4、關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如：Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見順著河跑的男人/狗了嗎？)

7、連接代詞：用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句、主語從句或表語從句的連接詞稱連接代詞。

英語中連接代詞主要有：what(什么),who(誰),whom(誰),which(哪個(gè)),whose(誰的)。詳見相應(yīng)從句。

8、不定代詞：代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。

單數(shù)

含義

some

any

no

none

/

/

each

(every)

one

either,

neither

so

the other,

another

復(fù)合不

定代詞

不可數(shù)

含義

?

?

much

little,

a little

all

/

/

/

/

/

復(fù)數(shù)

含義

?

?

many

few,

a few

?

ones

both

?

others,

the others

?

注：復(fù)合不定代詞有12個(gè)：something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything

(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒事),nobody(沒有人), no one(沒有人), everything(一切), everyone(每個(gè)人), everybody(每個(gè)人).

(1)some和 any 的用法：

some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個(gè)”、“一些”、“某個(gè)”作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如：I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會去那兒)

some 用于疑問句時(shí),表示建議、請求或希望得到肯定回答。如：Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎？)

any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個(gè)”,作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如：They didn’t have any friends here. (他們在這里沒有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問題要問嗎？)

any 用于肯定句時(shí),意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來吧。)

(2)no和none的用法：

no是形容詞,只能作定語表示,意思是“沒有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如：There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時(shí)間了,請快點(diǎn)) / They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒有閱讀用書可以出借)

none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語,意思是“沒有一個(gè)人(或事物)”,表示復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。如：None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒有一個(gè)在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書,但沒有一本是有趣的)

(3)all和both的用法：

all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞；也可用來代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。

both指兩個(gè)人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞。all和both在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。如：I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個(gè)英國學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識) / --Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要這個(gè)還是那個(gè)？兩個(gè)都要。)

all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both (the) 名詞),也可以獨(dú)立使用,采用“all/both of the 名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如：All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調(diào)皮)

(4)every和each用法：

every是形容詞,只能作定語修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個(gè)”,表示整體概念；

each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語、賓語、定語等,意思是“每個(gè)”或者“各個(gè)”,表示單個(gè)概念；each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語,與動(dòng)詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)要放在“be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”之后或者行為動(dòng)詞之前

every和each都用作單數(shù)理解,但是下文中既可以用單數(shù)的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。如：Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他們很忙,人人都有事干)

(5)either和neither的用法：

either意思是“兩個(gè)中間的任何一個(gè)”；neither是either的否定形式,意思是“兩個(gè)都不”。

neither和either在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語等,都用作單數(shù)。如：I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個(gè)之中隨便哪個(gè)都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車去還是坐轎車去？一個(gè)都不坐,我坐火車去。)

(6)other、the other和another的用法：

other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語。another意思是“另外”、“又一個(gè)”,表示增加,在句中可作賓語和定語。如：

Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋果樹下唱歌,別的就躺在草地上說話) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經(jīng)吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊？) / I want another four books.(我還要四本書)

another(另外的,再一,又一)與the other(另外的一個(gè)) 主要從數(shù)量上區(qū)分,只有兩個(gè)時(shí)用the other,在原先基礎(chǔ)上增加用another。如： This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(這是你的一只襪子,還有一只呢？) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已經(jīng)吃了4塊蛋糕,但是我還要以塊。)

others與the others的主要區(qū)別：others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分)；the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如：A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有幾個(gè)學(xué)生在踢足球,其他一些人在觀看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十個(gè)男孩中有兩個(gè)站著,其他人都圍著他們坐著。)

(7)many和much的用法：

many意思是“很多”,與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用；much意思是“很多”,與不可數(shù)名詞連用。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語等。如：I don’t have many friends here.(在這里我沒有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(許多人在公交車禍中喪失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的幫助之下我們能學(xué)到很多)

many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句時(shí)可以在前面加上so、very或too.如： There are a lot of people on the playground.(操場上有許多的人)/ They haven’t got much work to do.(他們沒有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房間里人太多了。)

(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法：

few、little意思是“很少幾個(gè)”、“幾乎沒有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有幾個(gè)”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ；few、a few與可數(shù)名詞連用或代替可數(shù)的事物, little、a little與不可數(shù)名詞連用或代替不可數(shù)的事物。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語。如：

He is very poor and he has little money.(他很窮,幾乎沒有什么錢。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(別著急,還有一點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間呢。) / In that polar region there live few people.(在那個(gè)極地地區(qū)幾乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以從他那兒弄到一些糖果)

(9)復(fù)合不定代詞somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 構(gòu)成的,叫做復(fù)合不定代詞,在句子中當(dāng)單數(shù)使用。

somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中；anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑問句、否定句和條件狀語從句中。修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的定語,應(yīng)放在它們的后面。如：Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,麗麗,門外有人。) /Di(每個(gè)人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上個(gè)星期天你來學(xué)校時(shí)見到什么人了嗎？)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天沒有多少事情做)

(10)one與ones用來代替上文的一個(gè)或多個(gè)人或事物,前面可以加冠詞、形容詞、指示代詞、which等。如： Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夾克,這件還是那件？ / I don’t like the green ones.(我不喜歡綠色的那些)

(11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的賓語或表語。如： I don’t think so.(我認(rèn)為不是這樣的。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丟失了一本書,我也是。)

(12)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的區(qū)別：五個(gè)“名詞 介詞”短語都表示“大量,許多”,a lot of(或lots of)既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,可以相應(yīng)地?fù)Q為much和many；plenty of“足夠、大量”,既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。 a number of / large numbers of只可以修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式(它修飾的詞作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式)可以換為some、many、a lot of、plenty of。 a great deal of只可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞(它修飾的詞作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式)可以換為much。

如：A lot of people think that time is money.(許多的人認(rèn)為時(shí)間就是金錢。) / I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不著趕忙,因?yàn)槲矣谐渥愕臅r(shí)間。) / I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要寫) / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在購物方面我花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間/金錢。)

(13)none、no one、nobody的區(qū)別：no one和nobody都表示“沒有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of 短語,作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式；none表示“沒有一個(gè)人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語,作主語時(shí)謂語可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(沒有人知道他是怎樣搞到那張票的) / Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天沒有一個(gè)人交作文。) / None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天沒有一個(gè)朋友來看我。)

9、相互代詞：表示相互關(guān)系的詞叫相互代詞。

each other ,one another是相互代詞,譯成“互相”,可以通用。each other表示兩者之間,而one anther表示許多人之間。它們有所有格形式each other’s ,one another’s。如： We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我們身處困境時(shí)要互相幫助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他們坐在那兒,互相都不說話。)

10、疑問代詞：用來提出問題的代詞稱為疑問代詞。

1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑問句中,一般放在句首。口語中也常用who代替whom作賓語,但在介詞后則只能用whom。如：

Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀請了誰參加你的生日聚會的？) / What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長大了想干什么？)

2、who 和whom只能獨(dú)立使用,其中who可以作句子的主語、表語或動(dòng)詞的賓語,whom只能作謂語動(dòng)詞的賓語；而what、which、whose等既可以獨(dú)立使用作主語、表語和賓語,也可以與名詞構(gòu)成疑問短語。如： Who is that man?(那男的是誰？) / What colour are their hats?(他們的帽子是什么顏色？) / Which car was made in Germany?(哪輛車是德國造的？)(被動(dòng)句)

注意這個(gè)提問：The man in the car is my father.(車?yán)锏哪腥耸俏腋赣H)

→Which man is your father?(哪個(gè)男人是你的父親？)

3、which除了可以詢問指代的情況之外,還可以針對說明人物的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、歲數(shù)、顏色、大小、狀況等進(jìn)行提問。如：People there live a very sad life.(那里的人生活凄慘) →Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄慘？)/ --Which hotel have you booked for your holiday?(為了度假你預(yù)訂了哪家旅館？)—The biggest one in Haikou.(海口最大的那家旅館)

4、疑問代詞不分單復(fù)數(shù),視它所替代的人或事物決定單復(fù)數(shù),但是通常用單數(shù)；如果修飾名詞,則以名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。如：Who is (are) in that playhouse?(誰在游戲房里？) / What is that? (那是什么？)/ What are those? (那些是什么？) / What colours do they have?(它們有哪些顏色？)

四、數(shù)詞：

1、分類：數(shù)詞有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞兩種。英語的數(shù)詞可以作句子的主語、賓語、表語和定語。

2、基數(shù)詞：表示數(shù)目的詞叫基數(shù)詞。

1、 英語中常用的基數(shù)詞有：

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

one

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

ten

eleven

twelve

?

?

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

?

?

?

thirteen

fourteen

fifteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

?

?

?

?

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

?

twenty

thirty

forty

fifty

sixty

seventy

eighty

ninety

one(a) hundred

?

?

?

23

?

35

?

?

?

?

?

101

?

?

?

twenty-three

?

thirty-five

?

?

?

?

?

one hundred and one

?

1000→one(a) thousand,10000→ ten thousand,100000→one hundred thousand ,1000000→one million,10000000→ten million, 100000000→one hundred million,

108→one hundred and eight, 146→one hundred and forty-six, 500→five hundred , 1001→one thousand and one, 1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.

2、[注]：(1)百位與十位之間要加and；十萬位和萬位,億位和千萬位之間通常也要加and。

(2)英語用千、百萬等單位計(jì)數(shù),大數(shù)字從右向左看, 每隔三位劃一逗號,倒數(shù)第一個(gè)逗號之前要用thousand,倒數(shù)第二個(gè)逗號之前要用million,倒數(shù)第三的逗號之前要用billion表示。

(3) hundred、 thousand、 million作數(shù)詞時(shí),不用復(fù)數(shù),前面可以加上one, two, …等其它數(shù)詞。用作名詞時(shí)復(fù)數(shù)表示“成…上…”,后面必須要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等詞。如：five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一萬), thousands of(成千上萬的), millions of(成百萬的)

3、序數(shù)詞：表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。

1、 英語的序數(shù)詞基本變法：

(1) 一般在基數(shù)詞后加th,(2)-ve結(jié)尾的改為-fth,(3)-ty結(jié)尾的改為-tieth,(4)熟記特殊詞。

2、序數(shù)詞如下：

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

11th

12th

※first

※second

※third

fourth

fifth

sixth

seventh

eighth

ninth

tenth

eleventh

twelfth

?

?

13th

14th

15th

16th

17th

18th

19th

?

?

?

thirteenth

fourteenth

fifteenth

sixteenth

seventeenth

eighteenth

nineteenth

?

?

?

?

20th

30th

40th

50th

60th

70th

80th

90th

100th

?

twentieth

thirtieth

fortieth

fiftieth

sixtieth

seventieth

eightieth

ninetieth

one undredth

?

21st

22nd

23rd

?

35th

?

?

?

?

?

101st

?

twenty-first

twenty-second

twenty-third

?

thirty-fifth

?

?

?

?

?

one hundred and first

?

1000th→one thousandth, 1000000th →one millionth., 第703→the seven hundred and third,

第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.

3、注：(1)兩位以上的序數(shù)詞僅個(gè)位數(shù)部分用序數(shù)詞,其余部分仍用基數(shù)詞。如：thirty-sixth,

(2) 使用序數(shù)詞時(shí)一般加定冠詞the. 如：I’m in the third grade.

(3) 序數(shù)詞作“幾分之幾”講時(shí),有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→ three quarters ; 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).

4、數(shù)詞的用法：

1、表示年份：2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.

2、表示日期： 12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December；2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.

3、表示時(shí)刻： 5：15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8：30→ eight thirty或half past eight ; 10：45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.

4、表示編號：Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen; P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine

5、小數(shù)的讀法：5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.

6、“半”的表達(dá)： 1/2→half, 半小時(shí)→half an hour, 1.5小時(shí)→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.

7、序數(shù)詞前面加the時(shí),表示順序,加a/an時(shí)表示“再一、又一”。如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三課相當(dāng)難)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我們把課文讀第三遍,好嗎？)

五、冠詞

1、冠詞分類及讀法：

英語中冠詞有不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種,常放在名詞的前面,用來限定名詞的意義,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠詞the讀法：單獨(dú)念時(shí)讀[Ti:],在句子中常發(fā)[Ti ](元音之前)或者[T[](輔音之前)；

不定冠詞a/an的讀法：單獨(dú)念時(shí)讀 [ei ]/[An ]；在句子中常發(fā) [[]/[[n]。

2、不定冠詞a / an的用法：

不定冠詞a / an用在單數(shù)名詞的前面,a用在輔音開頭的詞前面; an用在元音開頭的詞的前面。

不定冠詞的基本用法：

表示某一個(gè)人或東西,但不具體說明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)

(2) 表示某類人或事物,以區(qū)別于其他種類。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人強(qiáng)壯多了。)(不能譯為：一頭大象比一個(gè)人強(qiáng)壯。)

表示某類人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。如：He is a teacher of English.(他是英語教師。)

(4) 表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那個(gè)餐廳里有一張桌子和四把椅子。)

幾個(gè)用不定冠詞的習(xí)語：a bit(一點(diǎn)), a little(一點(diǎn)), a few(幾個(gè)), a lot (許多), a kind of(一種), a pair of(一副、一雙), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一張、一片), half an hour(半小時(shí)), have a good time(玩得開心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(發(fā)出嘈雜聲), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一會兒,等等。

3、定冠詞the的用法：定冠詞the用在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)的名詞前面。

定冠詞的基本用法：

表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿著一朵花的男人是杰克)

指談話雙方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,請看黑板。)

復(fù)述前面提到過的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(樹下有個(gè)人, 那個(gè)人叫羅伯特。)

表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。)

用在表示方位的名詞前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(長江以南地 區(qū)將會刮大風(fēng)。)

在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(誰第一個(gè)去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太陽離地球最近)

常用在樂器名稱的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五歲時(shí)他開始拉小提琴)

用在江河、海洋、山脈等名稱的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我從來沒有去過喜馬拉雅山)

用在含有普通名詞的專有名詞的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(他來自美利堅(jiān)合眾國)

(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下個(gè)月格林一家要去峨眉山)

(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去長得一樣)

(12)幾個(gè)用定冠詞的習(xí)語：at the same time (與此同時(shí)),make the bed(鋪床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(順便說一下),on the way(在路上)等等。

4、一些不用冠詞的情況：

(1) 專有名詞和(第一次使用)一些不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中國是個(gè)大國) / Man needs air and water.(人類需要空氣和水)

(2) 名詞前已有指示、物主或不定代詞作定語時(shí)不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的鋼筆比你的昂貴多了)

周名,月名或季節(jié)名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他們通常在山上植樹)

(4) (第一次使用)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示人或事物的類別時(shí)不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聰明)

三餐飯前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我們在家吃早飯,在校吃午飯)

節(jié)、假日前一般不用。如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在兒童節(jié),這些男孩經(jīng)常得到父母的禮物)

球類名詞前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子們星期六下午踢足球)

城市的重要/主要建筑物名稱前不用。如：They are now at People’s Cinema.(他們此刻在人民電影院)

(9) 一些習(xí)慣用語中不用。如：⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town; ⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight; ⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁ on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of

六、形容詞、副詞：

1、形容詞：用來說明或修飾名詞、代詞的詞稱為形容詞。

1、形容詞的句法作用：作句子中名詞的定語、句子的表語以及賓語補(bǔ)足語。

2、形容詞在句子中的位置：

⑴作定語時(shí)放在名詞的前面,且音節(jié)少的詞放在音節(jié)多的詞之前。如：a big yellow wooden wheel(一個(gè)黃色的大木輪)

⑵作表語時(shí)放在連系動(dòng)詞之后。如：The price sounds reasonable.(這個(gè)價(jià)格聽起來算是合理)

⑶作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)放在賓語之后。如：We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我們必須盡力保持我們的環(huán)境清潔)

⑷后置的情況：

①修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)放在代詞之后。如：Something serious has happened to him.(他發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的事故)

②與表示“長、寬、高、重、老、遠(yuǎn)離”的詞連用時(shí)形容詞后置。如：He’s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球離地38萬公里)

3、有關(guān)形容詞的用法辨析：

⑴ whole與all：記住兩個(gè)詞序：① the whole 名詞； ②all (of) the 名詞。如：He was busy the whole morning.(整個(gè)早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能記住學(xué)過的所有單詞)

⑵ tall與high, short與low：指人的個(gè)子時(shí)用tall與short；指其他事物時(shí)一般用high與low。如：He’s very tall/short.(他個(gè)子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的兩側(cè)有高大的樹木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)

⑶ real與true：real一般指東西的真假,譯為“真的”；而true則指事情或消息的可靠性,譯為“真實(shí)的”。如：This is a real diamond(鉆石) and it’s very expensive.(這是貨真價(jià)實(shí)的鉆石,非常貴) / --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真實(shí)嗎？ 是的,我親耳所聽)

⑷ interested與interesting的區(qū)別：interesting指人或東西“有趣的”,作定語或表語,而interested則表示人對別的事物“感興趣的”,只能作表語。如：The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (這個(gè)人很有趣,孩子們都喜歡他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(這本書很有趣,你會真正獲得享受) / I am interested in science.(我對自然科學(xué)感興趣)

⑸ such用法： such a(n) 名詞(單數(shù))( that從句)。如：I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我從來沒有見過這么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了這么可怕的事故,他永遠(yuǎn)也不會忘記)

⑹ good與well：表示“好”時(shí),作定語或表語用good,作狀語用well；表示“(身體)好”時(shí)用well.如：Doing sports is good for us.(進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)對我們有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好學(xué)習(xí),天天向上) / --How are you?—I am very well.(你好嗎？我很好。)

⑺ nice與fine：的區(qū)別：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指東西、人物外表等；fine一般指身體或天氣好。如：Let’s go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我們?nèi)シ窒砟菈K美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是個(gè)漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day!(多好的天氣！) /He’s fine recently(最近).(近來他身體不錯(cuò))

⑻ too much與much too：too much表示“太多的”,修飾事物數(shù)量；much too表示“太過,過分”,修飾形容詞或副詞。如：I am full because I have had too much rice.(我飽了,因?yàn)槲页粤颂嗟拿罪? / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太貴了)

⑼ quick、fast與soon：quick與fast基本同義,quick往往指反應(yīng)速度快,fast往往指運(yùn)動(dòng)速度快,而soon則表示時(shí)間上很快即將發(fā)生。如：After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃過早飯,他朝學(xué)校趕去,卻把書包忘記在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火車比公共汽車快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父親很快就要返回中國)

⑽lonely與alone：lonely是表示心理活動(dòng)的形容詞,意思是：“孤獨(dú)的,寂寞的”,作定語或表語；alone的意思是：“獨(dú)自的,單獨(dú)的”,指無人陪伴,僅作表語,(作為副詞的alone可作狀語)。如：He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人獨(dú)住,但是并不感到孤獨(dú))/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是個(gè)孤獨(dú)的人,你要和他相處好實(shí)在不易)

⑾ other與else的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞都可以作形容詞,但是用法不同,other放在名詞前；else修飾不定代詞、疑問詞、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否則”,是連詞。如：The other students are on the playground.(其他學(xué)生在操場上) / Who else can work out this maths problem?(還有誰能解出著道數(shù)學(xué)題？) / This is nobody else’s money. It’s mine.(這不是別的什么人的錢,是我的。) / Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你還有什么要為自己說的嗎？

⑿ special與especial的區(qū)別：表示事件不同尋常、過分或特殊時(shí),兩個(gè)詞可互換,但special較為常用。另外,special還可以表示特別的目的。如： She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重著裝) / These are special chairs for small children.(這些是專門給小孩子的椅子)

⒀ gone、lost、missing的區(qū)別：gone表示“丟了,沒了”,含一去不復(fù)返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表語或賓補(bǔ),不可以作定語；lost表示“丟失”,含難以找回的意思,可作定語、表語或賓補(bǔ)；missing表示“失蹤了,不見了”,強(qiáng)調(diào)某人物不在原處,可作定語、表語或賓補(bǔ)。如：My fever(高燒) is gone, but I still have a cough.(發(fā)燒消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) / The parents found the lost child at last.(家長終于找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing.Who’s taken it away?(我的字典不見了,誰拿走了？) / For more detailed information(詳情) of the missing girls, please visit our website(網(wǎng)址).(如果想知道失蹤女孩們的詳情,請?jiān)L問我們的網(wǎng)站)

⒁ living、alive、live、lively的區(qū)別：四個(gè)詞都來源于動(dòng)詞live“生活、居住”。

living讀[‘liviN]有三個(gè)意思：①“活著的、現(xiàn)存的”,作表語或定語,②“一模一樣的、逼真的”,③相當(dāng)于lively,意思是“強(qiáng)烈的、活潑的”；

live讀[laiv],指東西“活的”,可以替換為living；

alive讀[[‘laiv]作表語,指人“活著的”,如果作定語,則放在名詞的后面；

lively讀[‘laivli]有三個(gè)意思：①有生氣的、活潑的、快活的,②(色彩)鮮艷的,③生動(dòng)的、真實(shí)的。

例如：A living language should be learned orally(口頭上).(活的語言應(yīng)該從口頭上學(xué))(被動(dòng)句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我們強(qiáng)烈地希望你能成功) / Is she still alive?(她還活著嗎？) / They are the happiest children alive.(他們是活著的最開心的孩子) / This is a live fish.(這是條活魚) / A live wire(電線) is dangerous.(有電的電線是危險(xiǎn)的) / She is as lively as a kitten(小貓).(她像小貓一樣可愛) / He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生動(dòng)地描述了那場足球賽)

⒂ sick與ill區(qū)別：sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定語、表語,而ill只能做表語。如：He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,現(xiàn)在非常虛弱) / Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.(獸醫(yī)幫助診治患病的寵物,很受寵物主人們的喜愛)

⒃ the poor(窮人們) / the rich(富人們)等用法：“the 形容詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示一類人物,復(fù)數(shù)含義。如：We must try our best to help the poor.(我們應(yīng)該盡力幫助窮人們) / The rich never know how the poor are living.(有錢人哪知窮人怎么過日子)

2、副詞：用來說明事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式等含義或說明其它形容詞或副詞程度的詞叫做副詞。

1、副詞的分類：(見下表)

時(shí) 間 副 詞

頻度副詞

地點(diǎn)/方位副詞

程度副詞

方式副詞

疑問/連接副詞

其他副詞

today, tomorrow,

once,

here, there,

very, too,

well,

how,

too, also,

yesterday, now,

twice,

home, below,

enough,

hard,

where,

nor, so,

then, early, late,

always,

anywhere,

rather, quite,

alone,

when,

as, on,off,

once, soon, just,

usually,

above, outside,

how, so,

fast,

why,

either,

tonight, long,

often,

in, inside, out,

much, just,

together,

whether

yes, no,

already, yet, before,

sometimes,

back, up, down,

nearly, only

suddenly,

however, etc.

not, neither

ago, later, ever since

never,

away, off, far,

almost, hardly,

-ly結(jié)尾

關(guān)系副詞

maybe,

after, whenever

(seldom),

near, nearby,

as long as等,

的副詞

where,

perhaps,

first, someday,

ever,

wherever

even, all,

why, how

certainly,

sometime, last,

everywhere,

a little, a bit

when,

2、副詞在句子中的位置以及作用：

⑴作狀語：

① 時(shí)間副詞：一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在動(dòng)詞的前面。如：We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我們明天要去參觀長城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他們?nèi)ミ^英王國兩次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)

② 頻度副詞：一般放在be動(dòng)詞之后或者助動(dòng)詞與主要?jiǎng)釉~之間,但sometimes、often等還可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如：Sometimes I get up early.(我有時(shí)起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人們通常在廠里吃午飯) / Take this medicine twice a day.(這種藥一天吃兩次)

③ 方式副詞：一般放在行為動(dòng)之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或動(dòng)詞之前。如：Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人幾乎不可能走得和年輕人一樣快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看見了一絲亮光)

④ 地點(diǎn)副詞：一般放在句尾,但here、there還可放在句首。如：There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上萬的自行車朝各個(gè)方向流動(dòng)) / The frightened wolf ran away.(受到驚嚇的狼逃開了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)

⑤ 程度副詞：修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí),放在動(dòng)詞之前；修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí),放在形容詞或副詞之前。但注意,enough總是放在被修飾的形容詞或動(dòng)詞的后面；only位置比較靈活,總是放在被修飾的詞的前面。如：I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告訴我,我?guī)缀醢涯鞘氯? / It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地趕到車站趕上了首班車)

⑥ 疑問副詞：用于對句子的狀語進(jìn)行提問,位置總是在句首。如：When and where were you born?(你何時(shí)何地出生？)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小愛迪生為什么要坐在雞蛋上？)/ How do you do?(你好！)

⑦ 連接副詞：用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句,在從句中作狀語。How I am going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎樣殺死那只貓還是個(gè)問題)/ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因) / He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎樣做那事)

⑧ 關(guān)系副詞：用來引導(dǎo)定語從句,在從句中作狀語。如：This is the place where Mr Zhang once lived.(這就是張先生曾經(jīng)住過的地方)/ Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.(請告訴我你的英語是怎樣學(xué)得這么好的方法)

⑨ 其它副詞：too“也”,用在句尾；also放在動(dòng)詞前；either “也不”,放在句尾；nor“也不”,放在句首；so“如此,這樣”,放在形容詞、副詞前；on/off“開/關(guān)”放在動(dòng)詞之后；not放在be之后、助動(dòng)詞之后、不定式或動(dòng)名詞之前；maybe/perhaps放在句首；certainly放在句首或動(dòng)詞之前。如：He went to the Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宮博物院,我也去了) / Maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也許你的票就在你的里邊衣袋里) / --Tom doesn’t have a computer. –Nor do I.(湯姆沒有計(jì)算機(jī),我也沒有。)

(2)作表語：地點(diǎn)副詞一般可以作表語,放在be等連系動(dòng)詞之后,說明人物所處的位置。如：I’m very sorry he isn’t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/ I have been away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有將近20年了) / Jim is over there.(吉姆就在那邊)

(3)作定語：時(shí)間副詞(如now、then)以及許多地點(diǎn)副詞都可以作名詞的定語,放在名詞的后面。如：People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(現(xiàn)在的人們經(jīng)常在餐館里吃節(jié)日晚宴) / Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.(在二十世紀(jì)20年代那兒的女人過著可怕的日子)

(4)作賓語補(bǔ)足語：地點(diǎn)副詞一般可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：Put your dirty socks away, Jim! They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的臟襪子拿開！它們在散發(fā)著臭氣。) / Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父親把他關(guān)在家里做作業(yè))

[注意] “動(dòng)詞 副詞”的賓語如果是代詞,則該副詞應(yīng)該放在代詞之后。如：He wrote down the word.(他寫下了那個(gè)詞。)→He wrote it down.(他把它寫了下來。)

3、有關(guān)副詞的重要注釋：

⑴ as…as…常構(gòu)成一些詞組：as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同樣), as 形容詞/副詞 as possible(盡可能……地)。如：Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(請你一到北京就給我寫信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐盡快地趕到了校門口。)

[注釋] “as long / much as 名詞”可以表示“長達(dá)/多達(dá)…”的含義。如：The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花費(fèi)高達(dá)50萬元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他們呆在山洞里長達(dá)兩周。)

⑵ later、after、ago、before的用法：①“一段時(shí)間 later/ago”分別表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于過去時(shí)態(tài)。②“after/before 某個(gè)時(shí)刻”分別表示“在某時(shí)刻之后/之前”,此時(shí)兩個(gè)詞是介詞。③ago與before：ago只能用于過去時(shí),before用于完成時(shí)。如：He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一個(gè)事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(數(shù)年后這個(gè)男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你從前到過那兒嗎？)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(過了幾年他戒了煙。)

⑶ above、below、over、under的用法：在上下方用above和below,在高低處用over和under.如：The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高掛在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飛機(jī)從頭頂飛過。)

當(dāng)above、below、over、under是介詞性質(zhì)時(shí),意義相似。

⑷ too、also、either、nor的用法：too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑問句的末尾,且用逗號隔開；also(“也”)用于肯定句句子謂語動(dòng)詞之前；either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗號隔開；nor(“也不”)用于倒裝句句首；如：Are you American,too?(你也是美國人嗎？)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn’t watch the football game. Nor did I.(他沒有看足球賽,我也沒有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你還可以發(fā)覺那個(gè)市場很好。)

⑸ enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法： enough (“足夠,十分”)放在形容詞或副詞之后；too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相當(dāng)”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容詞或副詞之前,very much(“非常”)放在動(dòng)詞之后。如：It’s too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太貴/那么貴/非常貴/相當(dāng)貴。)/ I don’t like sweets very much.(我不很喜歡糖果)

[注意] very與 much的區(qū)別：very修飾形容詞、副詞的原級和現(xiàn)在分詞形容詞,much修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級；much還可以修飾疑問句和否定句中的動(dòng)詞,very不可以。如：He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(電影非常動(dòng)人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得學(xué)習(xí)更努力,不然你考不進(jìn)那所好學(xué)校)/ I don’t like him much.(我不太喜歡他)

⑹ sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法：sometimes(有時(shí))用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、 sometime(在將來某時(shí))用于將來時(shí)、 some times(數(shù)次)表示次數(shù)、some time(一些時(shí)間)表示一段時(shí)間。如：Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他們有時(shí)徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我會在這兒呆些時(shí)候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么時(shí)候要見見你的父親。)

⑺ how、what用于感嘆句的用法：對句子中的形容詞或副詞感嘆時(shí)用how,對人或事物(可能含有形容詞作修飾語)進(jìn)行感嘆用what. 如：What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天氣真好！) / How difficult (the problem is)!((問題)真難呀！)

⑻ already、yet的用法：在完成時(shí)中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑問句。如：Have you done it already?(你已經(jīng)做好了？) / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我還沒有吃早飯呢。)

⑼ hard與hardly的用法：hard作為副詞意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定詞,意思是：“幾乎不”,一般與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can/could連用。如：They study English very hard.(他們英語學(xué)得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共場所你幾乎看不到一個(gè)人隨地吐痰)

⑽ like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法：三個(gè)短語分別表示“非常喜歡”、“更喜歡”、“最喜歡”。如：I like baseball very much.(我非常喜歡棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best.

⑾“quite/what a 形容詞 名詞”的用法：記住：①quite/such/what... a 形容詞 名詞;②too/so/how 形容詞 a 名詞;③rather a 形容詞 名詞 = a rather 形容詞 名詞。如：I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我從未見過這樣奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(這真是散步的好日子)

⑿ how 的幾個(gè)短語：how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般時(shí)態(tài),對表示頻度的詞語進(jìn)行提問； how soon“多久以后”,用于將來時(shí)態(tài)； how long“多久”,用于過去時(shí)、完成時(shí)或其他時(shí)態(tài)； how many times“多少次”,用于過去時(shí)或完成時(shí),對總計(jì)次數(shù)進(jìn)行提問； how much“多么,多少”,對程度進(jìn)行提問,也可以對數(shù)量(不可數(shù))或金錢進(jìn)行提問。如：How long have you been like this?(你這樣已經(jīng)多久了？)/ How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次臉？)

⒀ much、more與most的用法：這三個(gè)詞除了是形容詞作名詞的修飾語之外,還是程度副詞,much表示“很”,修飾原級形/副,more表示“更”用來構(gòu)成多音節(jié)形/副的比較級,most表示“最”用來構(gòu)成多音節(jié)形/副的最高級。此外,much也可以修飾比較級形/副。如：This park is much more beautiful than that one.(這個(gè)公園比那個(gè)漂亮多了)/ It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(這是我看過的最有教育意義的電影)

⒁ no more、no longer、not...any more、no...any longer的用法：表示時(shí)間,可以用no longer、not...ny more、no...any longer,而且no longer只能放在謂語動(dòng)詞之前；表示程度,可以用no more、not...any more.如：He no longer lived there.(他不再住在那里) / Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕) / He didn’ t smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽煙)

⒂ 被動(dòng)語態(tài)中,方式副詞一般放在be與謂語動(dòng)詞之間。如： The runner was badly hurt.(賽跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員受了重傷) / English is widely spoken in the world today.(如今世界上英語說得很廣泛)

⒃ too...to...與so...that...的問題：副詞too/so后面跟形容詞或副詞,to后面跟動(dòng)詞,that后面跟從句。Too...to... (“太.……以致不……”)是否定的結(jié)構(gòu),用于簡單句；so...that...(“如此…以致…”)是肯定結(jié)構(gòu),用于復(fù)合句。如：The child is too young to join the army.(這孩子年齡太小還不能參軍)/ He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.(他這么強(qiáng)壯,搬得動(dòng)那個(gè)重箱子。)

⒄ 既是形容詞也是副詞的單詞有：early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight等等。如：It was a long holiday.(那是個(gè)長假)/ He stayed there very long.(他在那兒呆了好久)/ Think hard then you will find a way.(好好想你就會找到辦法)/ He is a very hard(難對付的) person.(他是個(gè)難玩的家伙)

⒅ farther與further的用法區(qū)別：表示地點(diǎn)、方向或距離時(shí)兩個(gè)詞同義,意思為“更遠(yuǎn)、較遠(yuǎn)”,但是further還表示“更多、進(jìn)一步、額外”等意思,此時(shí)不能換為farther. 如：They decided to go farther/further the next day.(他們決定第二天走得再遠(yuǎn)些)/ This problem will be further discussed.(這個(gè)問題還要進(jìn)一步討論)/ Every one of them had their further studies after they left college.(他們每個(gè)人大學(xué)畢業(yè)后繼續(xù)進(jìn)修)

⒆ rather與quite的用法區(qū)別：同very一樣,兩個(gè)詞都表示形容詞或副詞的程度,quite表示“不到最高程度但是比預(yù)料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含義,含有令人驚訝的意思。見下圖對“nice”程度的描繪：

not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice very nice

如：It’s quite a nice film.(這是部好片子)。(可能意味著不是一部最好的電影) / It’s rather a nice film.(這是部很不錯(cuò)的電影。)(意味著比大多數(shù)電影都好)

[注意]注意quite與rather后面的次序詞序。

⒇ maybe、possibly、perhaps的區(qū)別：maybe“可能、也許”,比另外兩個(gè)詞更不正式、更隨便、可能性不大；possibly“可能地、或者、也許”,可能性較大,在否定句和疑問句中表示“無論如何”；perhaps“可能”,較為常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如：You could put it over there,maybe.(也許你可以把它放在那邊) / I couldn’t possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time.(我不可能在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這么長的一本書)/ I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting.(我以為那也許就是你期盼的信件)

(21) most、mostly的區(qū)別：most作為形容詞和名詞時(shí)意思是“大多數(shù)的、大部分的”,作為副詞時(shí)意思為“最,十分、很”；mostly僅為副詞,意思為“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如：I was at home most of the time when I was free.(我有空時(shí)大部分時(shí)間都在家)Most children are naughty.(大部分的孩子都淘氣)/ This is the most exciting part of the film.(這是電影中最令人興奮的部分)/She is mostly out on Sundays.(星期天她一般不在家)

(22) (be) worth、(be) worthy of的區(qū)別：worth一般被看作是介詞,后面接名詞或者動(dòng)名詞,用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義,還可以用副詞well修飾；worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式。如：What is worth doing at all is worth doing well(凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做). / The house is worth ￥300,000.(房子價(jià)值30萬元)/ This book is well worth reading several times.(這本書值得好好讀幾遍)/ It is a thing worthy of being seen.(這是一個(gè)值得看的東西)

(23)almost、nearly的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞意思相近,都表示“幾乎、將近”,大多數(shù)情況下可以互換,與否定詞連用時(shí)用almost不用nearly. almost no 相當(dāng)于hardly any(幾乎沒有)。如：He had done almost nothing today.(他今天幾乎沒有干什么) / We are almost/nearly there.(我們幾乎就到那里了)/ Almost nobody/Hardly anybody understood his words.(幾乎沒有人懂他的話)

(24) a bit與a little的區(qū)別：這兩個(gè)名詞短語經(jīng)常當(dāng)作副詞使用,修飾形容詞或副詞的原級或比較級,可以互換,語氣比rather弱。如：This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive.(這臺數(shù)碼相機(jī)有點(diǎn)貴)/ It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷了點(diǎn))

另外,a little可以直接加不可數(shù)名詞,a bit 則采用“a bit of 名詞(不可數(shù)或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù))”的形式。如：I have got a bit of a cold.(我有點(diǎn)感冒)/ Go and get a little water for me, please.(請你去給我搞點(diǎn)水來)

[注意] not a bit(=not at all)意為“根本不”,而 not a little則意為“非常,不是一點(diǎn)”。

3、形容詞、 副詞的原級、比較級和最高級

1、分類：形容詞和副詞有原級、比較級和最高級三級。

原級變?yōu)楸容^級和最高級有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。

2、規(guī)則變化:

(1)單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)形容詞和副詞,在原級的后面加上er,est構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。

a)直接加er,est ：

b)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的,要雙寫最后一個(gè)輔音字母,后加er,est：

c)以輔音字母 y結(jié)尾的,先把y改為i再加上er,est：

(2)兩個(gè)音節(jié)或兩個(gè)以上的音節(jié)的,在原級前加more / most.

3、不規(guī)則變化:

原級

比較級

最高級

good好的

better更好的

best最好的

well好；(身體)好的,

?

?

bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地

worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身體)更不舒服的

worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身體)最不舒服的

ill(身體)不舒服的

?

?

many許多的(可數(shù))

more更多的；更

most最多的；最

much許多的(不可數(shù))；非常

?

?

little少的

less更少的

least最少的

far遠(yuǎn)的；遠(yuǎn)地

farther更遠(yuǎn)的；更遠(yuǎn)地

farthest最遠(yuǎn)的；最遠(yuǎn)地

?

further進(jìn)一步的(地)

furthest最深刻的(地)

4、形容詞和副詞的原級、比較級和最高級的用法：

(1)講述某人/物自身的情況時(shí),用原級。基本句型是：

主語(sb./sth) 謂語動(dòng)詞 (very/too/so/quite/rather…) 形容詞/副詞原級 ….

如：He is very old now.(他現(xiàn)在很老了) / They ran quite fast.(它們跑得相當(dāng)快) / The weather looks rather bad.(天氣看上去相當(dāng)糟) / I am so happy!(我是如此的快樂)

☆表示兩者之間沒有差別時(shí),使用句型：

主語(第一個(gè)人物) 謂語動(dòng)詞 as 形容詞/副詞原級 as 第二個(gè)人物 ….

如：He is as excited as his younger sister.(他和他妹妹一樣興奮)/ Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady.(莉莉騎車像老太太一樣慢)/ They picked as many apples as the farmers (did).(他們摘的蘋果和農(nóng)民一樣多)

☆表示第一個(gè)人比不上第二個(gè)人時(shí),使用句型：

主語(第一個(gè)人物) 謂語動(dòng)詞(否定式) as / so 形容詞/副詞原級 as 第二個(gè)人物 ….

如：He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.(他沒他妹妹那么興奮) / Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. (莉莉騎車不像老太太那樣慢) / They didn’t pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). (他們摘的蘋果不如農(nóng)民多)

(2) 講述兩者有差異,第一個(gè)人物超過第二個(gè)人物時(shí),用比較級。基本句型：

主語(‘A’) 謂語動(dòng)詞 (much/a little/even/still) 形容詞/副詞比較級 than 第二個(gè)人物(‘B’) ….

如：A modern train is much faster than a car.(現(xiàn)代的火車比轎車快多了) / This book didn’t cost me more than that one.(這本書花費(fèi)我的錢不比那本多)

講述兩者有差異,第一個(gè)人物不及第二個(gè)人物時(shí),用比較級。句型是：

主語(‘A’) 謂語動(dòng)詞 less (多音節(jié)形/副)比較級 than 第二個(gè)人物(‘B’) ….

如：I think English is less difficult than maths.(我認(rèn)為英語不比數(shù)學(xué)難)/ Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你認(rèn)為學(xué)外語不那么重要嗎？)

(3)講述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一個(gè)時(shí),用最高級。句型是：

主語(sb./sth) 謂語動(dòng)詞 (the) 形容詞/副詞最高級 in / of ….

如：The Changjiang River is the longest in China.(長江是中國最長的河流) / He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).(三個(gè)男生中他跳得最高)

4、關(guān)于比較等級的重要注釋：

1、以上六個(gè)句型中,如果動(dòng)詞是及物或不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面用副詞；如果后面是連系動(dòng)詞,則后面用形容詞。如：This car is the fastest of the four.(形容詞)(這輛汽車是四輛之中最快的)/ This car runs (the) fastest of the four.(副詞)(這輛汽車是四輛之中跑得最快的)

2、“比較級 and 比較級”表示“越來越……”。如：The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越來越溫暖了)

3、“the 比較級…,the 比較級…”表示“越…就越…”。如：The more trees we plant,the better it will be.(我們栽的樹越多,情況就會越好)/ The harder you try,the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,進(jìn)步就越大)

4、一般的形容詞或副詞的比較級前面可以加much/a little/even/still,而表示數(shù)量的more之前還可以加some/ any/ no/ one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot等詞。如：It is much colder today than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷多了)/ Would you like some more coffee?(你還要些咖啡嗎？)/He did not eat any more.(他沒有再吃)

5、more than / less than分別可以理解為“多于/少于”,相當(dāng)于副詞,more than=over; less than=under.如：I lived in New York for more than four months.(我在紐約生活了四個(gè)多月)

6、“one of the 最高級 名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”整個(gè)短語為單數(shù)含義,謂語要用單數(shù)形式。如：One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一場大火中被燒毀了)

7、“Which / Who 動(dòng)詞 形/副,□,□or□?”句型中,如果有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng),形/副用比較級,如果有三個(gè)選項(xiàng),形/副用最高級。如：Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林濤和韓梅誰的書最多？)/ Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant?(豬、馬、象哪個(gè)最重？)

8、上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins等表示兩個(gè)事物的詞時(shí),用比較級,而且往往還要加the；含有all/none/no one/ every 等表示三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上事物時(shí),用最高級。如： --Do you like the smaller one?—Neither.(小一點(diǎn)的那個(gè)你喜歡嗎？一個(gè)都不喜歡)/ --Which do you like best? –All of them!(你最喜歡哪個(gè)？全部。)

七、介詞：

1、介詞的主要用法：

介詞是一種虛詞,不能獨(dú)立使用。介詞之后一般有名詞或代詞(賓格)或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句作它的賓語,即構(gòu)成介詞短語。有些介詞是由兩個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成的短語介詞,如：out of(從…中出來), because of(因?yàn)?, away from(距離…), on top of(在…頂上), ever since(自從…), next to(在…隔壁), according to(根據(jù)…), in front of(在…前方)等。

2、介詞的分類表： (見下表)

地點(diǎn)(位置、范圍)介詞：above在…前, about在…附近, across在…對面, after在…后面, against倚著..., along在…近旁, among在…中間, around在…周圍, round在….周圍, at在…處, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁邊, between在...之間, by在...旁, down在...下面, from來自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...頂部, in front of在...前, close to靠近..., in the middle of在...的中間, at the end of在...的末端,等等。

方向(目標(biāo)趨向)介詞：across橫越..., against對抗..., along沿著..., around繞著..., round環(huán)繞..., at朝著..., behind向…后面, etween…and…從…到...,by路過/通過..., down向…下, for向..., from從/離..., in進(jìn)入..., into進(jìn)入..., inside到...里面, near接近..., off脫離/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨過..., past經(jīng)過/超過..., through穿過..., to向/朝..., towards朝著..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from遠(yuǎn)離...

時(shí)間介詞：about大約..., after在…以后, at在… (時(shí)刻), before在…以前, by到…為止, during在…期間, for有…(之久), from從…(時(shí))起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past過了…(時(shí)), since自從…(至今), through 貫穿…(期間), till直到…時(shí), until直到…時(shí), to到(下一時(shí)刻), ever since從那時(shí)起至今,at the beginning of在...開始時(shí) ,at the end of在...末 , in the middle of在...當(dāng)中 ,at the time of在...時(shí)

方式介詞：as作為/當(dāng)作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(語言), like與…一樣, on騎(車)/徒(步),通過(收音機(jī)/電視機(jī)), over通過(收音機(jī)), through通過..., with用(材料),用(手/腳/耳/眼), without沒有…

涉及介詞: about關(guān)于..., except除了…, besides除了…還... for對于/就…而言, in在…(方面), of…的,有關(guān)..., on關(guān)于/有關(guān)..., to對…而言, towards針對..., with就…而言

其它介詞:

【目的介詞】 for為了..., from防止…, to為了…

【原因介詞】 for因?yàn)?.., with由于…, because of因?yàn)?..

【比較介詞】 as與…一樣,like象…一樣,than比...,to與…相比, unlike與…不同

【伴隨/狀態(tài)介詞】 against和…一起(比賽),at在(上班/休息/上學(xué)/家,etc.),in穿著…(衣服/顏色),into變成...,on在(值日), with與…一起,有/帶著/長著..., without沒有/無/不與…一起

3、介詞短語的句法作用：

介詞短語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞,可用作狀語、定語和表語。如：The man came <down the stairs>.(狀)(那個(gè)人走下樓來)/The woman <with a flower on her head> is from the countryside.(定)(頭上戴花的婦女來自鄉(xiāng)下)/The teacher is now with the pupils.(表)(老師現(xiàn)在和學(xué)生在一起)

4、 介詞短語在句子中的位置：

介詞短語做狀語時(shí),如果表示時(shí)間/地點(diǎn),可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴隨/涉及/原因/目的/比較,一般放在句尾； 介詞短語作表語時(shí)放在連系動(dòng)詞之后；介詞短語作定語時(shí),只能放在被修飾的名詞之后。如：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(狀語)(他想來年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他們在房間里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表語)(信是給你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定語)(你看見一只黑頭白腿的貓了嗎？)

5、重要注釋：

⑴ this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等詞構(gòu)成的時(shí)間短語,前面不用任何介詞。如：Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有國外的游客來游覽平窯鎮(zhèn))/ He had a bad cold that week.(那個(gè)星期他患重感冒)

⑵ for有時(shí)用來引出動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語,常翻譯成“對于…而言”。如：It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(讓我在區(qū)區(qū)一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作太難了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子夠大的可以容10個(gè)人住)

⑶ of有時(shí)用來表示后面的人物正好是前面的表語的邏輯主語。如：It’s very nice/kind of you to do so.(你這么做真是太好了)

⑷ 介詞有時(shí)會與它的賓語分離,而且賓語前置。

當(dāng)賓語是疑問詞時(shí)。Who are you talking about?(你們在談?wù)撜l？)

賓語在從句中當(dāng)連接詞時(shí)。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有 一個(gè)需要他照顧的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我們的老師在那邊和什么人談話嗎？)

動(dòng)詞不定式作定語且該動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,后面有介詞。I finally found a chair to sit on.(我 最終找到了一張椅子坐。)

(5) 記住一些固定詞組：arrive at/in(到達(dá)…),on foot(步行),not…at all(根本不),to the north of(在…以北),in the east of(在…的東部),in the night(在夜間),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕…),be full of(充滿/ 裝滿….),be filled with(充滿/ 裝滿….),be good/bad for(對…有益/有害),be made of(由…做成),be made from(由…制造),play with(玩耍……),look out of(朝…外面看),at the end of(在…末梢/結(jié)束時(shí)),by the end of(不遲于…/到…末為止),with the help of或with one’s help(在…的幫助下),look after(照料…),look for(尋找…),on a bike(=by bike)騎車, help sb. with(幫某人做…),get on (well) with(與某人相處[融洽]),等等。

6、某些介詞的用法辨析：

⑴ 時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)介詞in、on、at的用法區(qū)別：表示時(shí)間時(shí), in表示在一段時(shí)間里(在將來時(shí)句子中則表示在一段時(shí)間之后), on表示在具體的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某個(gè)時(shí)刻或者瞬間； 表示地點(diǎn)時(shí), in表示在某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi), on表示在某個(gè)平面上或與一個(gè)面相接觸,at則表示在某個(gè)具體的場所或地點(diǎn)。如：He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七點(diǎn)鐘起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼鏡就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在電影院)

⑵ after與in表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“after (具體時(shí)刻/從句)”表示“在…時(shí)刻之后”常用于一般時(shí)態(tài)；“in (一段時(shí)間)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于將來時(shí)態(tài)。如：He said that he would be here after 6：00.(他說他六點(diǎn)鐘之后會來這兒)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父親大約一個(gè)月以后從英國回來)

⑶ since與for表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“since (具體時(shí)刻/that-從句)”表示“自從…起一直到現(xiàn)在”,“for (一段斶間)”表示“總共有…之久”,都常用于完成時(shí)態(tài)；如：Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自從1970年起就在這家工廠工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在這家工廠已經(jīng)工作了30多年)

⑷ by、in與with表示方式的用法區(qū)別：都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某個(gè)交通工具或“以……方式”,在被動(dòng)句中可以表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；in表示“使用”某種語言/文字,with表示“使用”某個(gè)具體的工具、手段。如：We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我們用眼睛看東西,用雙腳走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(請你用英語寫那篇文章)/ Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.(我們打的去動(dòng)物園吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍寫的)

⑸ about與on的用法區(qū)別：都可以表示“有關(guān)…”,但是about的意義比較廣,而on主要表示“有關(guān)…(專題/課程)”。如：Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(湯姆要作一個(gè)美國歷史的報(bào)告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他們興致勃勃地談?wù)撝磳淼降囊巴饴糜?

⑹ through與across、over的用法區(qū)別： through指“穿過…(門洞/人群/樹林)”； across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互換,但是表示“翻過…”時(shí)只能用over. 如：Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那時(shí)一只老鼠跑過路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座橋)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他們翻過大山提前到達(dá)了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(參觀者們穿過一個(gè)大門來到另一個(gè)公園)

(7)as與like的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞都表示“像……”,但是as譯為“作為……”,表示的是職業(yè)、職務(wù)、作用等事實(shí),而like譯為“像……一樣”,表示外表,不是事實(shí)。如：Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父親的身份和你講話。)(說話者是聽者的父親) / Let me speak to you like a father.(讓我像一位父親一樣和你講話)(說話者不是聽者的父親)

(8)at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法區(qū)別：at the end of…既可以表示時(shí)間也可以表示地點(diǎn),譯為“在…末；在…盡頭”,常與過去時(shí)連用；by the end of…只能表示時(shí)間,譯為“在…前；到…為止”,常用于過去完成時(shí)； in the end與at last基本等義,表示“終于、最后”,通常用于過去時(shí)；to the end譯為“到…的終點(diǎn)為止”,前面往往有表示運(yùn)動(dòng)或連續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞。如：By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上學(xué)期期末我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了第三冊16個(gè)單元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的盡頭你能找到一幢有棕色窗戶的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他們動(dòng)身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最終在期末考試中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我們應(yīng)該把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿這條路走到底就能看見一家郵電局)

(9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的區(qū)別：for a moment“一會兒、片刻”(=for a while),常與持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用；for the moment“暫時(shí)、目前”,常用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)；in a moment“一會兒、立即、馬上”(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于將來時(shí)；at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：Please wait for a moment.(請稍等)/ Let’s leave things as they are for the moment.(暫時(shí)就維持現(xiàn)狀吧！) / I’ll come back in a moment.(我過會兒回來)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙)

(10)but的問題：用介詞but引出另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí),要注意：如果前面有do,后面就用原形動(dòng)詞,前面沒有do時(shí),后面的動(dòng)詞要加to。如：I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(選擇) but to fight.(他們沒有選擇只有戰(zhàn)斗)

(11)in front of 與in the front of： in front of“在…的前面”, 與in the front of“在…的前部”。如：A car was parking in front of the hall.(大廳跟前停著一輛汽車)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大廳前部立著一個(gè)大講臺)

(12)except與besides的區(qū)別：except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含；而besides“除了”則表示包含,即“不僅……又……”。如：Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宮博物院)(Tom沒有去故宮)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了漢語之外,他還學(xué)其他許多功課)(“漢語”也是他學(xué)的功課之一)

八、動(dòng)詞

1、動(dòng)詞的分類：

類 別

意 義

例 句

實(shí)義動(dòng)詞

含有實(shí)在的意義,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在句子中能獨(dú)立作謂語。

She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。

They eat a lot of potatoes. 他們常吃土豆。

I’m reading an English book now.

我現(xiàn)在正看一本英文書。

連系動(dòng)詞

本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語,必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。

His father is a teacher.他父親是教師。

Twins usually look the same.

雙胞胎通常看起來一樣。

The teacher became very angry. 老師變得很生氣。

助動(dòng)詞

本身沒有詞義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞,用來表示否定、疑問、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)或其它語法形式,助動(dòng)詞自身有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。

He doesn’t speak English. 他不說英語。

We are playing basketball. 我們在打籃球。

Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟嗎？

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

本身有一定的意義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過去式。

You can keep the books for two weeks.

這些書你可以借兩個(gè)星期。

May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎？

We must go now. 我們現(xiàn)在得走了。

★重要注解：

(1) 關(guān)于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：

① 英語的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩大類：

后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動(dòng)詞；本身意義完整,后面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動(dòng)詞。

② 有些動(dòng)詞通常只作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。

有些動(dòng)詞通常用作及物動(dòng)詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。

③ 大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可以兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。如：study, sing等。

④ 有些動(dòng)詞作及物動(dòng)詞與作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。

⑤ 有些動(dòng)詞常和介詞 、副詞或其它詞類一起構(gòu)成固定詞組,形成短語動(dòng)詞。如：listen,reply,wait,look.

(2) 關(guān)于連系動(dòng)詞：

連系動(dòng)詞用來連接主語和表語,連系動(dòng)詞后面常為形容詞。

常見的連系動(dòng)詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。

有些連系動(dòng)詞來源于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,意思也跟著變化：look(看→看起來)、feel(感覺、摸→感到)、 smell(聞、嗅→聞起來)、taste(嘗→嘗起來)、turn(翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)→變得)、grow(生長→變得)、get(得到、到達(dá)→變得)、go(去→變得),所不同的是,作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面不能跟形容詞。

[注釋]

become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法區(qū)別：become表示“變成”,比較正式,通常不用將來時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。get也表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,但是更加口語化,通常表示溫度、時(shí)間、歲數(shù)等變化。go表示“變得”,常見于某些短語中,后面常有形容詞bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成為、當(dāng)”,多用于將來時(shí)、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“變得”,常指逐漸的變化,表示身高、歲數(shù)的增長。turn表示“變得”,指變?yōu)榕c原先不同的情況,通常指顏色等變化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich.(他變富了)/ He will be a scientist in the future.(將來他將成為科學(xué)家)/ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在過去的一年里我的弟弟長得高多了)/ The sandwich has gone bad.(那塊三明治已經(jīng)變壞)/ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批評) her.(媽媽批評了他以后他的臉變紅了)

(3) 關(guān)于助動(dòng)詞：

①常見的助動(dòng)詞有：用于進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成時(shí)的have(has,had,having) ;用于將來時(shí)的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般時(shí)的do(does,did) .

②助動(dòng)詞必須同主語的人稱和數(shù)一致,也就是說因主語人稱、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助動(dòng)詞也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：shall, will, should, would.

(4) 關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：

①常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面必須加動(dòng)詞的原形。

②can表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性。口語中, 在詢問或說明一件事可不可以做時(shí),常用“can”代替“may”。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“can”的過去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通常縮寫成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通常縮寫成“couldn’t”。如：Can I help you?(要幫忙嗎？)/ He can swim.(他會游泳)/ That can’t be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生)

③ may表示允許、請求或可能性,用may提問時(shí),肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t. 如：May I ask you a question?—Certainly.(可以問你一個(gè)問題嗎？當(dāng)然可以)/ You may go now.(現(xiàn)在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)

④ must表示“必須”、“一定”的意思。表示“必須”時(shí)否定形式是mustn’t；表示“一定”時(shí),否定形式是“can’t” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我們過馬路時(shí)一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那準(zhǔn)是杰克)/ I haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t be here.(我今天沒有看到過凱特,她不可能在這里)

[注意]用must(必須)進(jìn)行提問時(shí),肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t；用must(一定)進(jìn)行提問時(shí),肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? –Yes,you must.或No,you needn’t.(我們走之前必須要打掃房間嗎？是的,必須打掃。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? –Yes,she must.或No,she can’t.(她一定在房間里嗎？是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)

⑤ “have to”表示“不得不”、“必須”。We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.

have to的疑問形式是：助動(dòng)詞 … have to,否定形式是：助動(dòng)詞 not have to或者用needn’t.如：Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock?(你得呆到8點(diǎn)鐘嗎？)/ You don’t have to do so.(=You needn’t do so.)(你不用這么做)

⑥ shall在問句中,可表示征求對方意見,與第一人稱連用；在陳述句的第二、三人稱的主語后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允許”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我們這個(gè)周末去動(dòng)物園好嗎？)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必須帶自己的書來)

⑦ should可表示“勸告”、“建議”、“驚奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我們應(yīng)該禮貌地對老人講話)

⑧ will表示“意愿”、“決心”等意思,一般與第二人稱連用。如：Will you please close the door for me?(請你替我把門關(guān)上好嗎？)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教訓(xùn)你一頓)

⑨would表示過去的“意愿”、“決心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中總要坐在火爐邊)

would也可以表示現(xiàn)在的情況,表達(dá)說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢龅囊?語氣比“will”婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣。在日常會話中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I’d) like to”來表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你現(xiàn)在想要休息一下嗎？)

would還可以表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母們總是向孩子們講述這個(gè)將會拯救他的人民的男孩的事)

⑩ need表示“需要”,用于疑問句或否定句。“need”作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),在肯定、否定、疑問句中都可以用。如：He needn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些幫助)/ He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就無須帶上足球襪了)

⑾ dare是“敢”的意思,用法幾乎與“need”完全相同,即在疑問句和否定句中,可以作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,后面用不帶“to”的動(dòng)詞不定式。在肯定句中和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一樣,后面的動(dòng)詞不定式要帶“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢說我是個(gè)傻瓜？)/ He didn’t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢觸碰那個(gè)紅色的按鈕)

⑿ ‘d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用,否定式是：’d better not (do). 如：You’d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在這兒不講話)/ You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要講話因?yàn)樗谒X)

2、動(dòng)詞詞形變化一覽表：

(1)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：

?

規(guī) 則變 化

原形動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾情況

現(xiàn)在時(shí)單三人稱

現(xiàn) 在 分 詞

過去式和過去分詞

?

一般情況

s

ing

ed

?

s,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾

es

ing

ed

?

輔音字母 y結(jié)尾

y→i, es

ing

y→i, ed

?

重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結(jié)尾

s

雙寫輔音字母, ing

雙寫輔音字母, ed

?

不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾

s

去掉e, ing

d

?

ie結(jié)尾

s

ie→y, ing

d

不規(guī)則變化

have→has；be→is

(無)

(見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表)

注意：①在加ing或ed時(shí)動(dòng)詞如果以“r”結(jié)尾,尾音節(jié)又重讀的動(dòng)詞,“r”應(yīng)雙寫。

②s/es的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[s]；在濁輔音后和元音后讀[z]；在[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后讀[iz].

③ed的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[t]；在濁輔音后和元音后讀[d]；在[t]、[d]后讀[id].

(2)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：( 原形 → 過去式 → 過去分詞)

be(am,is)

was

been

?

lose

lost

lost

be(are)

were

been

?

make

made

made

beat

beat

beaten

?

may

might

become

became

become

?

mean

meant

meant

begin

began

begun

?

meet

met

met

blow

blew

blown

?

mistake

mistook

mistaken

break

broke

broken

?

must

must

bring

brought

brought

?

pay

paid

paid

build

built

built

?

put

put

put

buy

bought

bought

?

read

read

Read

can

could

?

ride

rode

ridden

catch

caught

caught

?

ring

rang

rung

choose

chose

chosen

?

rise

rose

risen

come

came

come

?

run

ran

run

cost

cost

cost

?

say

said

said

cut

cut

cut

?

see

saw

seen

dig

dug

dug

?

sell

sold

sold

do

did

done

?

send

sent

sent

draw

drew

drawn

?

set

set

set

drink

drank

drunk

?

shall

should

drive

drove

driven

?

shine

shone

shone

eat

ate

eaten

?

show

showed

shown

fall

fell

fallen

?

shut

shut

shut

feel

felt

felt

?

sing

sang

sung

find

found

found

?

sink

sank/sunk

sunk/sunken

fly

flew

flown

?

sit

set

set

forget

forgot

forgot/forgotten

?

sleep

slept

slept

freeze

froze

frozen

?

smell

smelt

smelt

get

got

got

?

speak

spoke

spoken

give

gave

given

?

spend

spent

spent

go

went

gone

?

spill

spilt

spilt

grow

grew

grown

?

spoil

spoilt

spoilt

hang

hung/hanged

hung/hanged

?

stand

stood

stood

have(has)

had

had

?

sweep

swept

swept

hear

heard

heard

?

swim

swam

swum

hide

hid

hidden

?

take

took

taken

hit

hit

hit

?

teach

taught

taught

hold

held

held

?

tell

told

told

hurt

hurt

hurt

?

think

thought

thought

keep

kept

kept

?

throw

threw

thrown

know

knew

known

?

understand

understood

understood

lay

laid

laid

?

wake

woke/waked

woken/waked

learn

learnt/learned

learnt/learned

?

wear

wore

worn

leave

left

left

?

will

would

lend

lent

lent

?

win

won

won

let

let

let

?

write

wrote

witten

lie

lay

lain

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3、be(“是/存在”)動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化：

一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)

一 般 將 來 時(shí)

現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)

I am….

You are.…

He/She/It is….

We/You/They are….

(I等各人稱) will be….

I am

He/She/It is going to be…

We/You/They are

I have been….

You have been….

She/he/It has been….

We/You/They have been….

一 般 過 去 時(shí)

過 去 將 來 時(shí)

過 去 完 成 時(shí)

I was….

You were.…

He/She/It was….

We/You/They were….

(I等各人稱) would be….

I was

He/She/It was going to be…

We/You/They were

I had been….

You had been….

She/he/It had been….

We/You/They had been….

注意：句型變化時(shí),

否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為n’t (am后面not不可以縮寫)；

疑問句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。

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4、其它 謂語動(dòng)詞(主動(dòng)語態(tài))的時(shí)態(tài)變化一覽表：

現(xiàn)在 時(shí)態(tài)

一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)

現(xiàn) 在 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)

一 般 將 來 時(shí)

現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)

謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成

動(dòng)詞用原形(單三加s / es)

(問句和否定句借用助詞do / does)

am

is 動(dòng)詞-ing

are

will 動(dòng)詞原形

am

is going to 動(dòng)詞原形

are

have 過去分詞

has

過去 時(shí)態(tài)

一 般 過 去 時(shí)

過 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)

過 去 將 來 時(shí)

過 去 完 成 時(shí)

謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成

動(dòng)詞用過去式

(問句和否定句借用助詞did)

was

?動(dòng)詞-ing

were

would 動(dòng)詞原形

was

going to 動(dòng)詞原形

were

had 過去分詞

5、八種時(shí)態(tài)的具體用法：

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或說明主語的特征。

①　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句子中常有的時(shí)間狀語：often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意)

②　表示客觀真理、事實(shí)、人的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)句子里一般不用時(shí)間狀語。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn))/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快)

③ 表示十分確定會發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來,句子中可以有將來時(shí)間。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(開往漢口的列車上午8點(diǎn)開車)

④ 在時(shí)間狀語從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語從句中(以if,unless引導(dǎo)),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),句子可以有將來時(shí)間。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德國就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家)

⑤ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞以come, go為主。如：Here comes the bus. (車來了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。

⑥ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.

⑦ 人的心理活動(dòng)和感官動(dòng)作一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)而不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá),常見動(dòng)詞有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(認(rèn)為),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒)

一般過去時(shí) 表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常

發(fā)生。

①　表示過去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點(diǎn)半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進(jìn)房間時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人正和他父親談話)

②　表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不知何時(shí)發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來到我們市)

③　表示過去一個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.

④　講故事、對過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時(shí),而且經(jīng)常省略時(shí)間狀語。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)

一般將來時(shí) 表示將來某一時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

①一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,

someday,sometime, in the future, when引導(dǎo)的從句等。

②　用will構(gòu)成的將來時(shí),表示動(dòng)作與人的主觀愿望無關(guān)。“shall”用于第一人稱,“will”

用于所有人稱。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學(xué)畢業(yè)了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一個(gè)人過了)

③　“am/is/are going to 動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情,而“am/is/are to 動(dòng)詞原形”表示安排或計(jì)劃中的動(dòng)作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個(gè)人告訴他們那個(gè)婦女就會生下那個(gè)特別的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)

④　表示一個(gè)人臨時(shí)決定要做某事,可以用will表達(dá)。如：I will go to the lab to get some

chemicals(化學(xué)藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室去取些藥品,請等我回頭)

⑤　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可以表示將來。(見相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài))

⑥　shall和will 在口語的一些疑問句中相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Shall一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動(dòng)物園好嗎？)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎？)

⑦ “be to 動(dòng)詞原形”表示按照計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的事情。如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.　

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(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

① 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be (am is are ) 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

② 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有： now, this …, these…等,但經(jīng)常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長篇小說)

③ 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動(dòng)詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)

④ 表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過一些時(shí)候就忘得一干二凈)

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(5)過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

① 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù)) 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

② 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時(shí)候她正在玩玩具)

③ 用于賓語從句或時(shí)間狀語從句中,表示與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行而且是延續(xù)時(shí)間較長。句子中通常不用時(shí)間狀語。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時(shí)看到事情的發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們在黑暗的森林里走時(shí)唱了很多歌)

④ 也可以表示過去一個(gè)階段頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這里時(shí)老向我借錢)

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(6)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過去的、對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作,或表示開始在過去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。

①在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have (has) 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

②表示發(fā)生在過去的對現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來沒有看過這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ?

③表示在過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。如：I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作)

④口語中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書館有上萬本書)

⑤have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have been to(“去過”)表示人在這里。如：--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里？他去了英國。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情況嗎？是的,我去過那里三次。)

⑥在完成時(shí)中,一個(gè)瞬間性動(dòng)詞(一次性動(dòng)作)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,此時(shí)須將該瞬間動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。具體變化見下表：

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瞬間性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)

→

延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)

have

(already)

gone to…

?

have

been in / at …

for (two years)

has

come to…

?

has

been here

since (1990)

(had)

left…

?

(had)

been away from…

arrived…

?

been in…

died

?

been dead

begun

?

been on

ended

?

been over

bought...

?

had…

borrowed…

?

kept…

joined…

?

been in …

或者使用下面這個(gè)句型：

It is / has been (多久) since 主語(人) 謂語(過去時(shí)) …… 過去時(shí)間狀語

[注意] 在其它的時(shí)態(tài)中也存在類似問題,記住,關(guān)鍵是：瞬間動(dòng)詞不能和表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：How long may I keep the book?(這本書我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)

(7) 過去完成時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。簡言之, 過去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”。

①過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

②過去完成時(shí)時(shí)間狀語有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語從句。有時(shí)句子中會有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也會有for… 或since…構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當(dāng)老師來的時(shí)候他們已經(jīng)打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發(fā)覺那個(gè)婦女是個(gè)騙子時(shí)她已經(jīng)走掉了)

③過去完成時(shí)常用于賓語從句中、after引導(dǎo)的從句中,或者從句是before引導(dǎo)的主句中。如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進(jìn)了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠)

(8) 過去將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí)表示在過去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。

①過去將來時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱) 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。在美國英語中,過去將來時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞一律用“would 動(dòng)詞原形”。

②過去將來時(shí)常由于賓語從句中,時(shí)間狀語有：later, soon, the next (day).

③在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時(shí),而應(yīng)該使用一般過去時(shí)。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應(yīng)付給我許多錢如果我?guī)椭隳莻€(gè)項(xiàng)目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會坐下來看看書)

④表示純粹的將來時(shí)用would或should,表示打算或主觀認(rèn)為的事情用was/were going to ( 動(dòng)詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個(gè)月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)

⑤過去將來時(shí)還可以表示一個(gè)過去經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。如：When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時(shí)他會隨身帶一把雨傘)

(9)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指一個(gè)從過去就開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并由可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作,它具有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)雙重特征,結(jié)構(gòu)是：“have/has been 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經(jīng)在冰冷的水里游了將近兩個(gè)小時(shí))/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久？)

6、被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

(1)被動(dòng)語態(tài)定義：被動(dòng)語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,用來說明主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。如果主語是 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動(dòng)語態(tài)；如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的區(qū)別不是詞序的區(qū)別,而是主語與謂語意義上的區(qū)別。在英語中只有及物動(dòng)詞和一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的詞組才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式。

(2)英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。被動(dòng)語態(tài)后的by短語有時(shí)可省去。具體結(jié)構(gòu)見下表：

現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

一 般 將 來 時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu) 成

am

is p.p.

are

am

is being p.p.

are

will be p.p.

am

is going to be p.p.

are

have(has) been p.p.

過去時(shí)態(tài)

一般過去時(shí)

過 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)

過 去 將 來 時(shí)

過去完成時(shí)

謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu) 成

was p.p.

were

was

being p.p.

were

would be p.p.

was going to be p.p.

were

had been p.p.

[注] p.p.表示過去分詞。

(1) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法：

① 不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即不知道誰做)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語態(tài),省略by短語。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一個(gè)人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)

②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時(shí),用被動(dòng)語態(tài),省略by短語。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(這個(gè)地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)

③強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,句尾加by短語。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會被主人宰殺的)

(2) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)如何改寫為被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

主動(dòng)句： 主語(人/物) 謂語(及物動(dòng)詞) 賓語(人/物) 其他 狀語

(動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者) (各種時(shí)態(tài)形式) (動(dòng)作的承受者)

?

?

?

被動(dòng)句： 主語(人/物) 謂語(及物動(dòng)詞) by 人 / 物 其他 狀語

(動(dòng)作的承受者) (be 過去分詞) (動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者)

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(3) 注意點(diǎn)：

①“動(dòng)詞 間接賓語 直接賓語”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),可以用間接賓語做被動(dòng)句的主語。如：

His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典)

也可以用直接賓語做被動(dòng)句的主語,但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父親給他做了一個(gè)風(fēng)箏→一個(gè)風(fēng)箏由他的父親做給了他)

②“動(dòng)詞 賓語 動(dòng)詞原形”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),動(dòng)詞原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個(gè)可憐的人一天工作12小時(shí)→這個(gè)可憐人被迫一天工作12小時(shí))

③“動(dòng)詞 … 介詞”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),介詞一般在原位不動(dòng)。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)

④“be 過去分詞”未必表示被動(dòng)語態(tài),而可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)

He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被動(dòng))(他被擊中/撞倒/關(guān)照/射中……)

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7、動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式：動(dòng)詞不做謂語時(shí)的固定形式。

(1)動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種形式；其中分詞又包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種形式。它們在句子中不能單獨(dú)作謂語。

(2)動(dòng)詞不定式：

① 形式：動(dòng)詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號to 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問形式是：“wh-疑問詞 to 動(dòng)詞原形”。*它的被動(dòng)形式：“to be 過去分詞”。*它的完成形式：“to have 過去分詞”。

② 動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語、賓語、定語、狀語、表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。但不定式也保留動(dòng)詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語、表語和狀語。動(dòng)詞不定式加上相關(guān)成分就構(gòu)成不定式短語。

③ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以放在謂語前句子作主語。但是通常將作主語的動(dòng)詞不定式或不定式短語放在謂語后面,而在主語位置用“it”作形式主語(有時(shí)在不定式的前面還會用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語)。如：To help animals is helping people.(幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對于我們而言)學(xué)好漢語是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間)

④ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以作謂語動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)的賓語。

[A] 及物動(dòng)詞 不定式一般形式：

謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.)

不定式

(作賓語)

[說 明]

want(想) / try(試圖) / decide(決定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜愛) / learn(學(xué)會) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失敗、未能) / mean(意味著) / prefer(寧愿) / wish(希望)

to (do)

(無)

help(幫助)

?

to可以省略

begin(開始)/ start(開始)/hate(憎恨)

?

也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化不大

forget(忘記) / remember(記得)/ like(總愛)

?

也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化較大

如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現(xiàn)在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他們開始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜愛在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時(shí)候開始學(xué)英語的？)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開時(shí)別忘了關(guān)門

[比較] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關(guān)燈.) (沒關(guān))/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘記關(guān)過燈.)(關(guān)了) / Please remember to ring me up.(記得給我打電話.)(還沒打電話) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打過電話)

[B] 及物動(dòng)詞 疑問詞 不定式：

謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.)

wh-疑問詞 不定式 (作賓語)

[說明]

tell (告訴) / show (顯示) / know (知道) / ask (問) / find out (發(fā)現(xiàn)) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(學(xué)會) / forget(忘記) / remember(記得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商討)

what

where

how to (do)

who

which

……

不定式疑問形式還可以作句子的主語、表語等。

如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道該選哪個(gè))/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她問我今天家庭作業(yè)做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎樣上網(wǎng)嗎？)

[C] 不定式作賓語而后面又有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),通常用it代替作形式賓語,而不定式則后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)騎車不很容易)

⑤ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語,放在名詞或代詞后面。

[A] 記住下面的一些結(jié)構(gòu)：

被修飾部分 不定式(作后置定語)

漢 語 意 思

a key

to lock the door

鎖門的鑰匙

a box

to hold these things

裝這些東西的箱子

give her a book

to read

給她一本書讀

Is there any ( 名詞/代詞)

to (do)?

有…要(做的)嗎?

It’s time

to go.

是走的時(shí)間了。/ 該走了。

Do you have any work

to do?

你有工作要做嗎?

I’d like something

to eat.

我要點(diǎn)兒吃的。

I have nothing

to say.

我沒有話要說。

Would you like something

to drink?

你要點(diǎn)兒喝的嗎？

[B] 在這種情況下,如果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：

They could not find a place to live in.(他們找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(請給我一張椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了寫字的毛筆)

⑥ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用 作狀語,有下列幾種情況：

[A] 放在不及物動(dòng)詞(come, go, stop, finish, wait等詞)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天來看望她)(表示來的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下來休息一會兒)(表示停下來的目的)

[B] 放在完整的謂語之后(即“謂語 賓語”、“謂語 賓語 補(bǔ)語”、“動(dòng)詞 表語”之后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打開窗子以便看得更清楚點(diǎn)兒)

[C] 有時(shí)表示目的的不定式短語可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(為了按時(shí)到達(dá),我們比平時(shí)早起了一個(gè)小時(shí))(表示早起的目的)

[注意] stop to do 與stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他們停下來看看)(不定式作“停下來”的目的狀語)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開始聽老師講課)(動(dòng)名詞作賓語,表示“停止”的內(nèi)容)

⑦ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語,限用于連系動(dòng)詞之后。如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球門)

⑧ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作復(fù)合賓語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。

謂 語 動(dòng) 詞(vt.)

賓語 (人 / 物)

不定式 (作賓語補(bǔ)足語)

ask(請) / tell(關(guān)照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(讓) / help(幫) / invite(邀請) / like(喜歡) / warn(警告) /

sb. / sth.

to (do)

make(使得) / let(讓) / hear(聽) / see(看) / feel(感覺) / watch(觀看)/ have(使得) / help(幫助)

sb. / sth.

(do)

如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(媽媽叫我?guī)椭鲲?/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你見見我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常讓工人們一天工作14小時(shí))/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(現(xiàn)在讓我來聽你拉小提琴)

[注意] help之后做賓補(bǔ)的不定式符號to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓補(bǔ)用不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí),含義不同,需特別注意,(參見現(xiàn)在分詞部分)。試比較：

I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過時(shí)聽到她正在哭)(指當(dāng)時(shí)瞬間的情況)

I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近聽她唱新歌)(指整個(gè)過程)

(3)動(dòng)名詞

① 動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾“ing”構(gòu)成。動(dòng)名詞有動(dòng)詞的特征,可以跟賓語,可以被狀語修飾；它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)等。動(dòng)名詞加相關(guān)詞語(賓語或狀語等)構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語。

② 動(dòng)名詞可以作主語。一般可用it作形式主語而將動(dòng)名詞短語后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自學(xué)好英語不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)

③ 動(dòng)名詞可以作賓語。

[A] want / need之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),含有被動(dòng)意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的車急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理發(fā)。)(頭發(fā)被理)

[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式含義不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫封信)(根本沒寫) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫過信)(寫了卻忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他們停下來向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)

[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動(dòng)名詞作賓語。如：Do you mind my closing the door?(把門關(guān)上你介意嗎？)/ She hates travelling by air.(她討厭坐飛機(jī)旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在鎮(zhèn)上轉(zhuǎn)悠)

[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我們在小學(xué)時(shí)就開始學(xué)英語了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我們在小學(xué)時(shí)就開始學(xué)英語了)

④ 動(dòng)名詞可以作表語,此時(shí)特別注意不要與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部件拼起來)

⑤ 動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成相同,但是含義不同,動(dòng)名詞主要表示事情,而現(xiàn)在分詞則主要表示進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (動(dòng)名詞短語,作主語) / Seeing is believing.(動(dòng)名詞短語,分別作主語和表語) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作定語) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作賓補(bǔ))

(4)分詞： 包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。(高中學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn))

① 主要區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞一般有主動(dòng)的意思或表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的意思；過去分詞有被動(dòng)或動(dòng) 作已經(jīng)完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語或狀語。

② 分詞或分詞短語在句子中作定語、狀語和復(fù)合賓語等。

[A] 作定語：分詞作定語時(shí),一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語作定語時(shí),則要放在所修飾的名詞之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊：捉小偷！) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見了一個(gè)名叫布萊克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個(gè)壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)

[B] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作下列動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。(參考不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語)

謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.)

賓語

賓語補(bǔ)足語

keep(保持) / see(看到) /

hear(聽到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感覺到)

sb./sth.

(do)ing

如：Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個(gè)星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進(jìn)入房間時(shí)看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個(gè)冷的東西在我的腳上移動(dòng))

[C] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作狀語,表示伴隨情況。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走進(jìn)教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準(zhǔn)備即將來到的口語考試)

[D] 過去分詞可以作表語,放在連系動(dòng)詞后面,但要注意不要與被動(dòng)語態(tài)混淆,“主系表”主要表示狀態(tài),而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示動(dòng)作。常用過去分詞作表語的結(jié)構(gòu)有：be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮喪) / become intereted in (對…感興趣)等等。例略。

[E] 過去分詞可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我理了發(fā))(注意：have sth. done表示動(dòng)作由別人來做,而have done sth.則為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu),兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不可以混淆)

8、動(dòng)詞用法辨析：

(1)“Why not 動(dòng)詞原形 …?”(干嘛不……?)是簡略句,完全形式是：Why don’t you 動(dòng)詞原形 …?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看？)/ Why not try it once again?(為什么不再試試？)

(2) seem(好象)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①sb./sth. seem (to be )形容詞 …；②sb./sth. seem like …；③sb/sth seem to (do)；④It seems that 從句。如：He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster. (被校長叫到名字時(shí)他好象很開心) / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象沒有什么人會做出如此愚蠢的事情來)

(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); ②be afraid to (do); ③be afraid that 從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有點(diǎn)怕蛇)/ Don’t be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(別害怕晚上一個(gè)人在家)/ I’m afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因?yàn)樗噶四敲创蟮腻e(cuò)誤)

(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①be sorry for (sth); ②be sorry for (doing sth); ③be sorry to (do); ④be sorry that 從句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思讓你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(對不起,麻煩你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn’t here at the moment.(恐怕他現(xiàn)在不在)

(5) be sure (確信)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)： ①be sure of (sth); ②be sure to(do); ③be sure that 從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她給我講過多次她一定會來的) / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it’s wrong.(你對你的答案有把握嗎？也許是錯(cuò)的。)/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我確信爸爸會幫著我做這件事情的)

(6) make 與do的用法：一般情況下表示進(jìn)行活動(dòng)或者做工作用do,表示創(chuàng)造建構(gòu)某事物用make. 如：I don’t know what to do.(我不知道該干什么)/ I’m not going to do any work.(我不準(zhǔn)備做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾經(jīng)做過一只船)

此外還要記住一些固定說法：do good / harm / business / one’s best / a favour……

make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,...

(7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法：put on強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿、戴”這個(gè)動(dòng)作過程,wear則表示“穿著、戴著”這一狀態(tài),have 衣物 on主要表示狀態(tài),be in( 顏色/衣物)也是表示一個(gè)狀況,dress( 人)表示“給…人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes.(請穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(雙胞胎穿著相同的衣服)/ Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿著一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你認(rèn)識那個(gè)身穿黑衣的女人嗎？)/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在給湯姆穿衣)

[注意]dress與wear或put on的區(qū)別：wear或put on常用衣物作賓語,而dress常用人作賓語。表示給自己穿衣時(shí)常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表達(dá)。be dressed in與wear基本同義。dress up意為“穿上盛裝、喬裝打扮”。如：Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我給寶寶穿衣嗎？)/ He is eight but can’t dress himself.(他八歲了,還不會穿衣服)/ She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿著一件紅上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’s party?(我得穿上好衣服去參加吉姆的聚會嗎？)

(8)like、love與enjoy的用法：三個(gè)詞都含有“喜歡”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟動(dòng)名詞,love 后面一般跟動(dòng)詞不定式。like后面有時(shí)跟動(dòng)詞不定式,表示一種習(xí)慣或嗜好(往往與具體的時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)有關(guān))。enjoy后面還可以加名詞、反身代詞,表示“享受…樂趣；玩得開心”。如：Do you like shopping?(你喜歡購物嗎？)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon.(每天下午放學(xué)后他總愛游個(gè)泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs.(他們喜愛唱外國歌曲)/ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?(在聚會上你玩得開心嗎？)/ He enjoys living in China.(他喜歡在中國生活)

(9)study、learn的用法： study主要表示“學(xué)習(xí)、研究”,指過程；而learn主要表示“學(xué)會”,指結(jié)果。表示“學(xué)”時(shí)可以互換。如：How many subjects do you study?(你學(xué)多少門課程？) / Have you learned it yet?(這個(gè)你學(xué)過了嗎？)/ How long have you studied/learned English?(你學(xué)英語多久了？)

learn還可以表示“聽說”,如：He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)

(10)think、want、would like的用法：三個(gè)詞都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考慮”,want指“想要、愿望、企圖”,would like指“想要”,think后面一般跟介詞短語或從句,want和would like后面跟名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? (你認(rèn)為中國會在40年后成為發(fā)達(dá)國家嗎？)/ I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min.((我正在想著以前借給黎敏的錢)/ What do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么？)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(這些餅子中你想吃哪些？)

(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法：前面兩個(gè)詞語表示動(dòng)作過程,后面兩個(gè)表示結(jié)果,look for指“尋找”不見的或丟失的東西,但還沒有找到；search…for…指“為找…而搜尋…”；find指“找到”了東西；find out主要指“查明一個(gè)事實(shí)真相”。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴兒！你在廚子里面找什么呢？)/ Have you found the lost key to your car?(你找著丟失的車鑰匙了嗎？)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵們正在房間里面搜尋間諜突然間他們聽到了衣聲巨響)/ Let’s try to find out who broke the window.(讓我們查查誰把窗子打破了)

[注解] find的幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：find sb. sth“為某人找到…”,find sth./sb. adj./n.“發(fā)覺某人是…”,find it adj. to do…(或 賓語從句)“發(fā)現(xiàn)(做……)如何”。如： His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.(他的母親發(fā)現(xiàn)她的女兒是個(gè)聰明的女孩)(名詞作補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)足語) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就會發(fā)現(xiàn)吃冷食對你的身體是不利的)

(12)listen to、hear的用法：兩個(gè)詞與聽覺有關(guān),listen to指“聽”這一過程,hear指“聽到”這一結(jié)果。如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆,你在聽我說嗎？是的,你的話我全聽見了)

(13)look、see、watch、read的用法：四個(gè)詞均與眼睛有關(guān),look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看得到),指“看”的過程；see指“看見”這一結(jié)果,有時(shí)see還引申為“明白”,表示“看”時(shí)后面加“電影”等詞；watch指專注的看,含有“注視、監(jiān)視”之義,后面常跟“電視、比賽”等詞；read限制為看書面材料,譯為“看、閱讀”,后面跟“書、報(bào)紙、雜志”等詞。如：What are you looking at?(你在看什么？)/ Please look at the blackboard. (請看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? (媽媽,讓我去看電影吧,好嗎？)/ He won’t feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球賽他才會感覺好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(閱讀給我們知識)

(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法： hear“聽說”,后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句表示聽見的內(nèi)容,hear of“聽說”,后面跟人,指對某人有耳聞但沒有見過面；hear from“收到……的來信”,后面加人；learn“聽說、得知”,后面跟從句,含義與hear相似。如：I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我聽說格林先生今晚要來看望我們)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否聽說過那個(gè)去過喜馬拉雅山的人？)/ How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父親的信？)/ He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)

(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法：四個(gè)詞與“說”有關(guān)。speak“講話、發(fā)言、演說”,是不及物動(dòng)詞,涉及人時(shí)要加介詞to,speak作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)后面跟語言名稱；talk“談話、閑談”,是不及物動(dòng)詞,涉及人時(shí)用介詞with、to等,涉及事情時(shí)后面跟介詞about等；say 是及物動(dòng)詞,后面跟名詞、代詞、從句等,表示說的內(nèi)容；tell是及物動(dòng)詞,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟從句或者介詞短語等。如：Do you speak English? (你講英語嗎？)/ Who spoke at the meeting? (誰在會上發(fā)了言？)/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent. (我們的老師正在跟林濤的家長講話)/ Can you say it in English? (你能用英語說出它嗎？)/ Please tell me something about the strange flying object. (請跟我講講那個(gè)奇怪的飛行物的事情吧)

(16)be able to(do)、can的用法：can是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,有許多含義,表示“可能、可以、會”等意思,只有現(xiàn)在式can和過去式could兩種形式；be able to表示能力上“會”,有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式,to后面跟動(dòng)詞原形,有時(shí)可以與can/could互換。如：Can you speak English? (你會說英語嗎？)/ He couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二歲時(shí)不會游泳)

(17)there be、have的用法：兩個(gè)詞都可以譯為“有”,但是,have表示的是“擁有”,主語必須是人或者物；there be表示“存在”的概念,主語在there be之后。如：How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟？我只有一個(gè)兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他們教室里有多少張桌椅？一張也沒有。)

[注解]there be sb./sth doing與there be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用doing表示一個(gè)正在發(fā)生的事情,而用to do 則表示一個(gè)滯后或遲于there be的動(dòng)作。如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.

(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三個(gè)詞,borrow“借進(jìn)”、lend“出借”都是一次性動(dòng)作,不可以和表示一段的時(shí)間狀語連用；keep“保存”用來表示借一段時(shí)間。如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do? (我丟掉了從老師那里借來的書)/ How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了？兩個(gè)多月了！)

(19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法：bring指從遠(yuǎn)處“拿來”；take指從面前“拿走”；carry指一般的搬運(yùn),不涉及方向；send主要指“送、派遣、寄”；lift指把東西由低向高“提起、拎起”。例略。

(20)hope、wish的用法：兩個(gè)詞都表示“希望”,但是,hope表達(dá)有把握或信心實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情,后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式或者賓語從句,不可以跟動(dòng)名詞或作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式；wish表達(dá)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名詞、賓語從句(用過去時(shí))或者作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式。如：We all hope to see him very soon. (我們?nèi)枷ＭM快見到他)/ I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好,這樣我們就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨！)(事實(shí)上天正在下雨)

(21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法：

spend的賓語通常是金錢或時(shí)間,句型：sb. (spend) 時(shí)間/金錢 on sth / (in) doing sth. ；

take的主語通常是事情,句型：sth./It (take) sb. 時(shí)間 to do… 。(如果是動(dòng)作則常用it作形式主語將動(dòng)詞不定式后移)；

cost的賓語通常是時(shí)間、金錢、力氣,句型：sth. (cost) sb. 時(shí)間/金錢/力氣. ；

pay的賓語通常是金錢,句型：sb. (pay) 金錢 for 事物.

如：She spent the whole night reading the novel. (她花了一個(gè)晚上看那本小說)/ This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做這件事情要花我兩天的時(shí)間)/ How much does a house like this cost? (像這樣的房子要花多少錢？)/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book.. (我花了20元從他那兒買了書)

(22)begin、start的用法：begin在大多數(shù)情況下可以替代start,(反義詞是end),后面接不定式或動(dòng)名詞時(shí)區(qū)別不大,但是start還可以表示“開始、出發(fā)、啟動(dòng)”,反義詞是stop；某事停止后再重新開始一般用start.如：When did you begin/start to learn English? (你什么時(shí)候開始學(xué)英語的？)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped. (雨停后他們開始收割莊稼) / This time he could not start his car. (這次他沒法啟動(dòng)他的汽車)

(23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法：arrive是不及物動(dòng)詞,到達(dá)具體地點(diǎn)時(shí)后面加介詞at,到達(dá)一個(gè)大的地方(國家、城市)時(shí)后面加介詞in,arrive后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here/there/home等；get表示“到達(dá)”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞,涉及地點(diǎn)(無論大小)時(shí)后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here等；reach是及物動(dòng)詞,后面直接跟地點(diǎn)名詞。如：He arrived in San Francisco last Sunday. (上個(gè)星期天他抵達(dá)舊金山)/ How did you get there in the night? (你是怎樣在夜間到達(dá)那里的？)/ We hurried all the way and reached the station just five minutes before the train left. (我們一路狂奔在火車啟動(dòng)前5分鐘到達(dá)車站)

(24)be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、be made for的區(qū)別：be made of指從制成品中可以看得出原材料,而be made from則指從制成品中看不出原材料,口語中都可以換成be made out of。 be made into表示“被制成……”,be made in表達(dá)被制造的地點(diǎn),be made by表達(dá)制造的人,be made for表達(dá)被制造的目的。如：This kind of paper is made from bamboo. (這種紙是由竹子生產(chǎn)的)/ The desk is made of wood and metal. (桌子是鐵和木頭打的)/ A lot of paper has been made into paper birds. (許多紙被折疊成了小鳥)/ Computers are made in these cities. (計(jì)算機(jī)是在這幾個(gè)城市制造的)/ This kite was made by Uncle Wang. (這個(gè)風(fēng)箏是王叔叔做的)/ A big bag was made for me to hold my waste things.(一只大包做好了讓我裝廢物)

(25)be used for、be used to、used to、get used to的區(qū)別：be used for 名詞/代詞或動(dòng)名詞, be used to 動(dòng)詞原形,表示兩個(gè)短語意思相近,表示“用于…”。 used to 動(dòng)詞原形,表示“過去常常”,否定式可以是“didn’t use to”也可以是“usedn’t to”；get/be used to 動(dòng)名詞,表示“習(xí)慣于….”。如：A knife can be used for cutting things.(刀可以用來割東西)/ A knife can be used to cut things.(刀可以用來割東西)/ He used to borrow novels from the library when he was at school. (他上學(xué)時(shí)常常在圖書館借書)/ He is used to getting up early in the morning. (他習(xí)慣早起)

(26)beat,win與lose： beat (打敗),后面跟“人”,而win(贏得),后面跟“比賽、競賽”等。如：Who won at last? (最后誰贏了？)/ Class Three beat us 5-0. (三班以5∶0打敗了我們)/ I am sure to win the match. (我一定能贏得比賽)

而lose則表示“輸了”,常用句型：lose sth. to sb. 如：Unluckily we lost the match to Class Three. (不幸的是我們比賽輸給了三班)

(27)grow、plant、keep的區(qū)別：plant著重講“栽、種植”這個(gè)動(dòng)作,grow則指種植以后的“栽培”、“管理”,而keep則主要指“喂養(yǎng)”、“贍養(yǎng)”一個(gè)人或者動(dòng)物。如 ：He grew vegetables in his garden. (他在園子里種菜)/ I planted ten trees last year,but four of them died. (去年我栽了10棵樹,但是死了4棵)/ Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill the time. (老年的婦女喜歡養(yǎng)貓養(yǎng)狗打發(fā)時(shí)間)

(28)fall 、drop的區(qū)別：fall指東西由高處向下墜落,不及物動(dòng)詞；也可以作連系動(dòng)詞,意思是“變得,進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)”。drop表示物體由高處往低處落下,不及物動(dòng)詞；或讓物體落向低處,及物動(dòng)詞。如：The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself. (那個(gè)人從拖拉機(jī)上摔下來跌傷了)/ Soon after they touched the pillows they fell (系動(dòng)詞) fast asleep. (他們頭挨枕頭不久就睡著了)/ He felt as if he had to drop maths.(他覺得似乎要放棄數(shù)學(xué))/ He dropped a letter into the mail-box.(他向郵箱里丟了一封信)

(29)join、join in、take part in的區(qū)別：join多指參加組織、團(tuán)體、黨派等,后面跟人時(shí)表示和某人一起參加某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)；join in指參加某項(xiàng)游戲或活動(dòng)；take part in多指參加群眾性的活動(dòng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)、會議等。如：He joined the army in 2001.(他2001年參軍)/ They joined me in congratulating you.(他們和我一起向你祝賀)/ Do join us in the game.(千萬參加我們的比賽) / He took an active part in the students’ movement in the 1940s.(在二十世紀(jì)40年代他積極參加學(xué)生運(yùn)動(dòng))

(30)beat、hit、strike的用法區(qū)別：beat指“連續(xù)不斷地打擊；(心臟的)跳動(dòng)”；hit指“一次性地撞擊、命中”；strike與hit基本同義,還可以理解為“劃(火柴)、給……深刻的印象”。如：The man looks dead,but his heart is still beating weakly. (那個(gè)人看上去死了可心臟還在微弱地跳動(dòng)) / He hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake. (他踢球的勁太大球飛過他們的頭頂落入水中) / He went into the room and struck a match(火柴). (他走進(jìn)房間劃著了一根火柴)

(31)carry on、carry out的區(qū)別：carry on表示“進(jìn)行、繼續(xù)”；carry out表示“進(jìn)行、貫徹、實(shí)現(xiàn)”。如：I will carry on the work. (我會繼續(xù)工作)/ I have some difficulties in carrying out his orders. (對于執(zhí)行他的命令我有問題)

(32)be amazed與be surprised的區(qū)別：be amazed“感到驚訝”,指人對某個(gè)不可能發(fā)生卻實(shí)際發(fā)生了的事情感到極其的訝異；be surprised“感到吃驚”指人對突發(fā)的事件感到驚訝。如：When he dived deep into the sea, he was amazed at the colours of all the beautiful coral reefs. (他深潛到海中時(shí)被所有美麗的珊瑚礁驚呆了) / He was very surprised when he heard a loud noise from inside the room. (聽到房間里傳出一個(gè)很大的聲音他非常地吃驚)

(33)warn的用法：“warn sb. of/about sth”意思是“針對…而警告某人”；“warn sb (not) to do sth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”；“warn sb. that從句”意思是“警告某人說……”。如：They warned the passengers of thieves. (他警告路人小心竊賊) / I warn you that you will fail in the coming exams if you are still so lazy. (我警告你：如果你還這么懶在即將來到的考試中你會不及格的。) / He was warned not to go out in the late night. (他受到警告不要在深夜出去)

(34)think of與think about等短語的區(qū)別：think of表示“考慮、思念、認(rèn)為、想起、建議”等；“think about”表示“看待、認(rèn)為”；“think much /highly /a lot of”表示“高度評價(jià)…”；“think over”表示“仔細(xì)考慮”；“think out”表示“想出”。如：The headmaster thought highly of this boy. (校長高度地評價(jià)了這個(gè)男孩) / We’re thinking of going to France for our holiday. (我們在考慮去法國度假的事情) / Think it over and you will have a way. (仔細(xì)考慮就有辦法) / I cannot think of his name. I forgot it. (我想不起他的名字我忘了) / －What do you think about his composition? －Very good! (他的作文你覺得怎么樣？ 很好。)

(35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等詞語用法：“agree to 動(dòng)詞”表示“同意做某事”,“agree with sb./觀點(diǎn)”表示“贊同…的觀點(diǎn)”/ agree about表示“對…話題有相同看法”/“agree to 建議”表示“同意”某人的建議,“agree on 決定”表示“贊成某人的決定”。例略。

(36)deserve(應(yīng)該,應(yīng)得)的用法：deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名詞。如：They had tried their best and they deserved to win. (他們盡力了該贏。) / The little boy always made troubles around and deserved beating. (小男孩總是處處惹麻煩活該被打) / The girl did a good deed and deserved praise. (女孩做了好事應(yīng)該受到表揚(yáng))

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九、連接詞

1、連詞的含義：連接詞與詞、短語與短語、或引導(dǎo)從句的詞叫連接詞。

2、連詞的分類：連詞分為并列連接詞和從屬連接詞兩種。

1、并列連接詞連接并列的詞、短語、從句或句子。常見的并列連接詞有：and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否則),nor(也不), so(所以), however(然而,無論如何),for(因?yàn)?,still(可是),as well as(也),both..and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…),neither… nor…(既不…也不…)等。

2、從屬連接詞用于引導(dǎo)從句,常見的從屬連接詞有：

when(當(dāng)…時(shí)候), while(正當(dāng)…時(shí)候), after(在…之后), before(在…之前), since(自從), until(直到), although/though(雖然), if(假如), as(如…一樣；由于), as …as…(和…一樣), as far as(就…而言), as long as(只要), as soon as(一…就…), even if(即使), because(因?yàn)?, unless (除非), than(比…), whether (是否…), in order that…(為了), so…that…(如此…以致), so that…(以便), now that…(現(xiàn)在既然), by the time…(到…時(shí)候), every time…(每當(dāng)), as if…(仿佛),no matter when(或whenever)(無論何時(shí)),no matter where(或wherever)(無論在哪里)等。

［辨析］

(1) because、as、since、for的用法：because(因?yàn)?表示原因的語氣最強(qiáng),常表示必然的因果關(guān)系,從句一般放在主句后面；另外,回答why的問句只能用because. as(因?yàn)?表示一般的因果關(guān)系,語氣比because弱,說明比較明顯的原因,它引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示對方已經(jīng)知道、無需加以說明的原因或事實(shí)。for(因?yàn)?是并列連詞,語氣較弱,用來補(bǔ)充說明理由或提供一種解釋。如：He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.（他今天沒有上學(xué)因?yàn)樗〉脜柡Γ? As all of you have got here, now, let’s go to the zoo.（既然大伙兒都到了我們就去動(dòng)物園吧）/ I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.（既然你很忙我就叫林濤和我一起去吧）/ We must be off now for the match starts at 7：00.（我們得走了因?yàn)楸荣愒谄唿c(diǎn)開始）

(2)if、whether的區(qū)別：表示“是否”時(shí),if和whether同義,引導(dǎo)賓語從句,另外,whether還可以引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句(以及同位語從句)等名詞性從句或者讓步狀語從句；而if還可以表示“如果”,引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句,(主句與從句遵循主將從現(xiàn)的原則)。如：I don’t know if/whether he will arrive on time.（我不知道他是不是會按時(shí)到達(dá)）/ I will ring you up if he arrives on time.（如果他按時(shí)到達(dá)我會給你打電話的）

[注意]下列情況只能用whether不能用if：①引導(dǎo)主語從句,②引導(dǎo)表語從句,③引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語,④引導(dǎo)不定式短語,⑤引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,⑥在動(dòng)詞discuss之后,⑦在wonder / not sure之后,⑧在if與whether含義易混時(shí)。如：Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question.（下個(gè)星期天是不是個(gè)好天還是個(gè)問題）(引導(dǎo)主語從句) / Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.（請問一下帶不帶雨衣去那兒）(作動(dòng)詞的賓語) / Hainan is the place to be, whether it’s summer or winter.（海南是個(gè)該去的地方無論冬夏）(引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句)/ Please let me know whether you need my help.（請告訴我你是否需要我的幫助）(引導(dǎo)賓語從句)(如果換成if則還可能表示“如果你需要我的幫助請告知”)

(3)while、when、as的用法區(qū)別：while常表示一個(gè)較長的動(dòng)作,它引導(dǎo)的從句動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生的、是平行的；when可以表示較短的動(dòng)作也可以表示較長的動(dòng)作,主句和從句的動(dòng)作可以同時(shí)發(fā)生也可以先后發(fā)生；as與上兩詞同義,可替換while和when, 表示主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,常譯為“一邊……一邊……”。如：Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework.（我寫作業(yè)時(shí)請不要打擾我）/ I’ll go home when I have finished my job.（我干完了活兒就回去）/ They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming.（他們正快速地穿過馬路忽然聽到了卡車開來的聲音）/ As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.（當(dāng)我們在黑洞洞的街上走路時(shí)我們高聲地唱歌說話）

(4)till/until與not…till/until的區(qū)別：前者表示一個(gè)延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作,后者表示一個(gè)才開始的動(dòng)作。如：I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.（我會呆在這里看著娃娃直到你回來）(stay這個(gè)動(dòng)作一直進(jìn)行到你return) / They won’t go on working until they get what they think is reasonable.（他們要到獲得了他們認(rèn)為合理的東西時(shí)才會繼續(xù)干下去的）

另外till與until基本可以互換,但是在句首時(shí)只能用until,不能用till. 如：Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.（我們堅(jiān)持到比賽的最后一分鐘）/ Not until he had finished his work did he go home.（直到做完工作他才回家）（倒裝句）

(5)though與although的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞都表示“雖然”,均不可以與but同時(shí)使用,但在句中可加still或yet連用。although“盡管、雖然”僅作連詞,比較正式,一般可以換為though； though“雖然、盡管、即使”,還可以與even連用(=even if),表示“即使、縱然”,作副詞時(shí)意思是“然而、不過”,不能放在句首。如：He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.（盡管疾病使他無法上課但是他還是通過了考試）/ she won’t leave the TV set,even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper.（她不愿離開電視機(jī)雖然丈夫在等她吃飯）/ It was a quiet party. I had a good time, though.（這是個(gè)不熱鬧的聚會盡管如此我還是玩得很開心）

(6)prefer to…rather than…與prefer…to…的區(qū)別：prefer to…rather than…后面都是用動(dòng)詞原形,prefer…to…都是用動(dòng)名詞或名詞。如：I prefer English to Japanese.（與日語相比我更喜歡英語）/ I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese. （與日語相比我更喜歡學(xué)英語）

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十、簡單句

1、簡單句的特點(diǎn)：簡單句通常只由一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和一個(gè)謂語(或并列謂語)構(gòu)成。

2、簡單句的種類：簡單句一般分為陳述句、疑問句、感嘆句和祈使句四種。

3、陳述句：

用來說明一個(gè)事實(shí)的句子叫陳述句。它有肯定式和否定式兩種形式。

▲陳述句的肯定式： He is a middle school student.（他是個(gè)中學(xué)生）/ I have a hammer in my hand.（我手上有把錘子）/ She teaches us geography.（她教我們地理）/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.（新的話劇非常好大家都喜歡）

▲陳述句的否定式：

1)謂語動(dòng)詞如果是to be 、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),在它們的后面加“not”。如：My brother is not a teacher.（我的弟弟不是教師）/ He does not have a cousin.（他沒有堂兄弟）/ I will not go there tomorrow.（明天我不去那兒）/ My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.（我母親現(xiàn)在不在廚房里做飯）/ You must not make such mistakes again.（你不該再犯類似錯(cuò)誤了） / We haven’t discussed the question yet（我們還沒有討論那個(gè)問題呢）.

2)謂語動(dòng)詞如果沒有上述詞語而是其他動(dòng)詞時(shí),須在它的前面加do not(don’t).如： I don’t know anything about it.(此事我一無所知) / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.（李明不在農(nóng)村養(yǎng)豬）/ We didn’t expect to meet her right here.（我們沒指望著在這里見到她）/ We didn’t have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我們沒有開會)

3)如果“have”作“有”講,也可以在它后面加not構(gòu)成否定式,其形式與have got的否定式相同。 如：I haven’t (got) any brothers or sisters.（我沒有兄弟姐妹）

[注意]

①句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等詞時(shí),用not一般構(gòu)成部分否定,如果要完全否定,則通常使用none、neither、not…at all等；All of them went there.→None of them went there.（他們?nèi)既チ四抢铩麄內(nèi)紱]去那里）

②句子中含有l(wèi)ittle、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等詞時(shí), 則視為否定句。如：Few people live there because life there is very hard.（幾乎沒有人生活在那里因?yàn)槟抢锏纳钐D難了）

③陳述句(主語 謂語 其他)在口語中可以直接表示疑問,表示驚訝或明知故問。如：That’s your boss?（那就是你的老板？！）

④陳述句一般情況下應(yīng)使用正常的語序,即：主語 謂語 其他。但是有時(shí)會倒裝,詳見“倒裝句”。

⑤所有的從句一律使用陳述句語序,即在連接詞后采用“主語 謂語 其他”的順序。如：The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. （老人告訴我說他還要在這兒住幾年然后回家）/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?（能告訴我在聚會上你都看見了誰嗎？）

4、疑問句：

▲一般疑問句： 用“yes”或“no”來回答的疑問句叫做一般疑問句。

1)一般疑問句構(gòu)成：句中謂語動(dòng)詞是to be、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),則將它們(提前)放到主語前面。如：Is he an engineer?（他是工程師嗎？）/ Have you got today’s newspaper? （你有今天的報(bào)紙嗎？）/ Shall we go to see a film this evening? （我們今晚去看電影好嗎？）/ Can you explain it ?（你能解釋它嗎？）/ Is there any fish for supper?（晚飯有魚嗎？）/ Would you like to go out for a walk?（你想出去散步嗎？）

謂語動(dòng)詞如果沒有上述詞語而是其他動(dòng)詞時(shí),則在主語前面加助動(dòng)詞do / does / did, 原來的謂語動(dòng)詞改為原形。如：Do you get up at six every morning?（你天天早晨六點(diǎn)起身嗎？）/ Does she study hard?（她學(xué)習(xí)努力嗎？）/ Did you go there yesterday?（昨天你去那兒了嗎？）

2)一般疑問句的回答：

一般疑問句通常用簡略形式來回答。如：

Will you join us in playing basketball?（你加入我們打籃球好嗎？）—Yes, we will.（是的我們會。）/ —No, we won’t.（不我們不會。）

Have you got today’s newspaper?（你有今天的報(bào)紙嗎？）—Yes, I have .（是的有。）/ —No, I haven’t.（不沒有。）

回答時(shí)所用的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)和問句里的時(shí)態(tài)一致。

[注意] 回答must或者may開頭的疑問句要小心,參見情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有關(guān)內(nèi)容。

3)一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)(即否定形式的一般疑問句)表示驚奇、責(zé)怪、建議、看法等,只要將“not”置于主語之后或者將“not”放到主語之前與be, have等助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞合并在一起就可以了。如：

Will he not come?（他難道不來嗎？）/ Isn’t your sister a Party member?（你的姐姐不是黨員嗎？）/ Haven’t you any brothers?（你沒有哥哥嗎？）/ Don’t you like the play?（你難道不喜歡這個(gè)話劇嗎？）/ Can’t we walk a little farther?（我們不能走遠(yuǎn)些嗎？）/ Won’t you sit down?（你不想坐下嗎？）/ Hasn’t she heard of the matter?（她沒聽說過這事兒？）

這種否定結(jié)構(gòu)的疑問句的回答與漢語的習(xí)慣不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes 肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”；如果回答是否定的,就用“no 否定結(jié)構(gòu)”。(情況與反意問句類似。)如：

Can’t he answer the question? (他不能回答這個(gè)問題嗎？)

—Yes,he can.(不,他能回答這個(gè)問題。) —No,he can’t. (是的,他不能回答這個(gè)問題。)

▲特殊疑問句：要求具體回答的問句。

1)特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)是：

疑問代詞

一般疑問句 ？

除who以外的疑問代詞短語

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疑問副詞

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如：What do you want?（你要什么？）/ Who(m) are you looking for ?（你在找誰？）/ Whose magazine is this?（這是誰的雜志？）/Which class are you in?（你在哪班？）/ When did you get up this morning?（你今早什么時(shí)候起身的？）/ Where have you been?（你到哪兒去了？）/ Why did he go to bed so early?（他為什么這么早睡覺？）/ How did you go there?（你是怎么去的那兒？）

但是,“who”引出的詢問主語或主語部分相關(guān)詞的特殊疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)與陳述句詞序相同：如：Who is dancing over there?（誰在那邊跳舞？）

有時(shí)“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出與陳述句詞序相同的特殊疑問句。如：What is on the wall?（什么東西在墻上？/墻上有什么？）/ Which is yours?（哪個(gè)是你的？）/ Whose book is in your bag?（誰的書在你的書包里？）

[注意]從陳述句改為特殊問句時(shí),先將句子改為一般問句,再將(劃線)提問部分更改為疑問詞置于句首,特別要注意助動(dòng)詞的使用！如果只對主語或主語的修飾詞提問,那么只需要將疑問部分改為疑問詞即可。

2)常用疑問代詞和疑問副詞：

疑問代詞： who, whom, whose, which, what,

疑問副詞： when, where, why, how,

how構(gòu)成的短語：how many (多少個(gè)) (獨(dú)立用；或跟可數(shù)名詞), how much (多少) (獨(dú)立用；或跟不可數(shù)名詞), how old (多大年紀(jì)), how far (多遠(yuǎn)), how often (多常),how long (多久,多長), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。

3)特殊疑問句有時(shí)也用否定式。如：Why don’t you ask Jim instead?(常縮略為Why not…?) (你為什么不轉(zhuǎn)請Jim呢？)

4) 特殊疑問句疑問部分有時(shí)可以有兩個(gè)以上的疑問詞。如：When and where were you born? (你是何時(shí)何地出生的？)

5) 疑問詞如果是介詞的賓語,則該介詞可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如：What do you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干嘛要一臺電腦呢？)

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▲反意疑問句： 反意疑問句表示對陳述句所說的事實(shí)提出相反的疑問,要求對方用“yes”或“no”來進(jìn)行回答。

1) 構(gòu)成：由兩部分組成：前一部分是陳述句,后一部分是疑問句,它是由be ,have, 助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 主語構(gòu)成。如果陳述句是肯定結(jié)構(gòu),反意疑問句須用否定結(jié)構(gòu)；反之,陳述句如果是否定結(jié)構(gòu),反意疑問句須用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)。反意疑問句的兩部分,必須保持人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的一致；反意疑問句的回答有時(shí)會和漢語不同。

陳述句部分

附加問句部分

注 意 點(diǎn)

肯定陳述句

否定的簡短一般問句

當(dāng)陳述句部分含有“是”動(dòng)詞、(“有”動(dòng)詞)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞時(shí),簡短問句中沿用該詞；否則就使用do/does//did.

否定陳述句

肯定的簡短一般問句

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如：He is old, isn’t he? (他老了不是嗎？) / The man went away, didn’t he? (那個(gè)男人走開了不是嗎？) / He isn’t old, is he? (他不老是嗎？) / He never went there, did he? (他從沒有去過那里是嗎？)

2) 反意問句的回答：

無論哪種形式的反意問句,回答時(shí)要遵循：“Yes, 肯定式”或者“No, 否定式”

如：The man went away, didn’t he?(那人走開了,不是嗎？)

——Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didn’t.(不,他沒有走。)

The man never went there, did he?(這人從來不去那里,是嗎？)

——Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, he didn’t.(是呀,他不去。)

▲選擇疑問句：提出兩種或兩種以上情況,需要對方作出選擇回答的疑問句叫選擇疑問句。

1) 構(gòu)成：(1) 一般疑問句 or 第二選項(xiàng)？

(2) 特殊疑問句 第一選項(xiàng)( 第二選項(xiàng)) or 第三選項(xiàng)？

2)選擇疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)與特殊疑問句相同,即要具體回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如：

Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl. (----你的朋友是男孩還是女孩？----是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? –Tea, please. (---你要哪一樣咖啡還是茶？----請來茶吧。) / Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? --Dancing, of course. (----唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜歡哪樣？----當(dāng)然是跳舞啦！)

5、祈使句：祈使句用來表示請求、命令等。它的主語you往往不說出。

▲祈使句的肯定式： 動(dòng)詞(原形) 其他 如：Please give me a hand. (請幫忙) / Shut up! (住嘴！)

▲祈使句的否定式： Don’t 動(dòng)詞原形 其他 如：Please don’t talk in low voices. (請不要低聲講話。) / Don’t look back! (不要掉頭看。)

[注意] 以“l(fā)et’s”引出的祈使句的否定結(jié)構(gòu),“not”應(yīng)放在“l(fā)et’s”后面。如：Let’s not trouble him. (我們不要打擾他。)

肯定祈使句前可以用助動(dòng)詞來強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣。如：Please do help me! (請千萬幫幫我。)

6、感嘆句：感嘆句用來表示喜怒哀樂等強(qiáng)烈感情。句末常用“！”

▲對含有形容詞的名詞短語感嘆的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：

What (a /an) (形容詞) 名詞 陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)(主謂語) ,用來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的名詞,如：What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩！) / What bad weather (it is)! (天氣真糟糕！)

▲僅對形容詞或副詞進(jìn)行感嘆的結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：How 形容詞/副詞 陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)(主謂語) ,用來強(qiáng)調(diào)句子中的形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞。How carefully the old man walks! (這老人走路真小心！) / How delicious the food is! (這食品真好吃！) / How beautiful! (真美呀！)

▲有時(shí),陳述句、祈使句、疑問句、一個(gè)詞或詞組,也帶有一定的感情色彩,也可以成為感嘆句,此時(shí)未必使用感嘆句型。He is sitting on a tiger’s back! (他坐在老虎的背上！) / A nice shot! (漂亮一擊！) / Good goal! (好球！)

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十一、句子成分：主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語

1、主語：

(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞等充當(dāng),說明動(dòng)作是“誰”發(fā)出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實(shí)). / Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人類。)

(2)動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí)可用it代替,而不定式或動(dòng)名詞移至表語或賓語之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在長途旅行中能有個(gè)甲等座位簡直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對你的身體不利。)

(3)口語中常見主語或“主--系”省略：(It is) nothing. ((那)沒有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)沒有關(guān)系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)謝謝你。)

(4)反意問句的附加問句,主語必須是代詞：The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (這個(gè)人看上去很著急不是嗎？) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物不是嗎？)

(5)祈使句一般省略主語。加主語時(shí)往往用來指定某個(gè)人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。)

(6)主語一般在句首,但在問句中會處于第二位和句尾；倒裝句及there be句型主語在動(dòng)詞之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (計(jì)算機(jī)生產(chǎn)于這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們在哪兒？) / Does the boy like staying home? (這個(gè)男孩喜歡呆在家里嗎？)

(7)主語與謂語必須保持單、復(fù)數(shù)的一致, 而謂語與表語或賓語之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個(gè)勤勞勇敢的民族。)

(8)主語可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“ 主語從句”。

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2、謂語：

(1)由“不及物動(dòng)詞”、“及物動(dòng)詞 賓語”或“系動(dòng)詞 表語”等構(gòu)成,說明主語所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么樣”。如：

He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語？) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經(jīng)變壞。) /

(2)謂語動(dòng)詞必須反映出人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)等信息,謂語動(dòng)詞往往由下列詞語依序排列構(gòu)成：［情態(tài)動(dòng)詞］ ［時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞］ ［語態(tài)助動(dòng)詞］ ［主要?jiǎng)釉~］(不一定全部出現(xiàn))。(見 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)構(gòu)成表)　記住：謂語部分第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞往往是變形動(dòng)詞。如：

I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對不起我發(fā)出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長達(dá)800頁的小說。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該采取措施防止

禽流感蔓延。)

(3)謂語動(dòng)詞切忌用“行為動(dòng)詞1 原形動(dòng)詞”、“be 原形動(dòng)詞”。

記住使用下列正確形式：

①情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 原形動(dòng)詞。如：You’d better go over the lesson.（你最好復(fù)習(xí)這一課。）

②shall/ will/ would 原形動(dòng)詞。如：They should have been there once.（他們應(yīng)該去過那兒。）

③be 現(xiàn)在分詞或者過去分詞。如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么？）/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自從20世紀(jì)70年代大批樹木被砍伐。）

④have 過去分詞。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（意思同上）

⑤一般時(shí)問句和否定句中：do/does/did 原形動(dòng)詞。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.（他日子過的不好。）/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你們當(dāng)中有誰見過恐龍蛋嗎？）

⑥行為動(dòng)詞1 行為動(dòng)詞2 (不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿定主意要做個(gè)獸醫(yī)。）/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.（自尊自愛是享受生活的根本。）/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”（他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著：圣誕快樂！）/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.（古代的埃及國王讓人給他們自己修建堅(jiān)固的墳?zāi)埂＃?/p>

(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語等獨(dú)立作謂語,必須在此之前加連系動(dòng)詞。

(5)謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式：單數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞有：is,was,has,does以及“動(dòng)詞 s”；復(fù)數(shù)形式的動(dòng)詞有：are,were,have以及動(dòng)詞原形。其他動(dòng)詞不分單、復(fù)數(shù)。

謂語部分第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的形式

單數(shù)形式

復(fù)數(shù)形式

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)be(是)動(dòng)詞；

現(xiàn)在某些時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞be

am (單一); are (單二); is (單三);

are

一般過去時(shí)be(是)動(dòng)詞；

過去某些時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞be

was (單一); were (單二); was;(單三)

were

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)have(有)動(dòng)詞；

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞have

have (單一); have (單二); has (單三);

have

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)行為動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞do

do (單一、單二); does (單三)

do

實(shí)意動(dòng)詞和連系動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞（否定和疑問句除外）

原形動(dòng)詞(單一、單二); 動(dòng)詞 s /es (單三)

原形動(dòng)詞

其他各時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞

單復(fù)數(shù)形式相同

記住：主語、謂語單復(fù)數(shù)必須保持一致。（參見“ 4、名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題：”） Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對于我們大家是必不可少的。)

(6)一般問句和反意問句的回答不使用行為動(dòng)詞,應(yīng)該使用“是”動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如：The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奧運(yùn)會每兩年舉辦一次,是嗎？----是的。)

3、賓語：

(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、(賓語)從句充當(dāng),表示動(dòng)作的承受者是“誰”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個(gè)天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前并且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當(dāng)兩個(gè)賓語) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那么多的錢。)(不定式作賓語) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他們?nèi)绱讼矏劭醋闱蛞灾劣诔３Ｍ浟怂麄兊墓φn。)(動(dòng)名詞作賓語) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我認(rèn)為當(dāng)個(gè)兒童醫(yī)生是很值得的。)(從句作賓語)

(2) 只有及物動(dòng)詞或介詞才有賓語,不及物動(dòng)詞沒有賓語,如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動(dòng)詞后面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動(dòng)詞,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能聽到什么令人興奮的消息嗎？)

(3) 賓語一般放在及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的后面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語是疑問詞,則賓語要放在句首。介詞的賓語如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看見了什么？) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么寫的信？) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么寫的信？)

(4)“動(dòng)詞 副詞 賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語是代詞,則代詞必須放在“動(dòng)”“副”之間。如：Please put the shoes away. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put away the shoes. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put them away. (請把它們收起來。)

(5) 動(dòng)詞后面跟雙賓語時(shí)可以采用兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：

①動(dòng)詞 間接賓語(人) 直接賓語(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)

②動(dòng)詞 直接賓語 介詞 間接賓語。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動(dòng)詞是make, buy, borrow時(shí),介詞用for.如： Please make me a kite. (請給我做個(gè)風(fēng)箏。)或Please make a kite for me.

(6) 在“動(dòng)詞 賓語 賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語是不定式、動(dòng)名詞、賓語從句,則常用it做形式賓語,而將實(shí)際的賓語移到補(bǔ)語后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我發(fā)覺這個(gè)工作相當(dāng)難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.

(7) 賓語可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見 “賓語從句”。

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4、表語：

(1) 說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、代詞等充當(dāng)。如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業(yè)他當(dāng)上了醫(yī)生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因?yàn)樗昧酥馗忻啊? / Who is it?(誰呀？)

(2) 表語只能放在連系動(dòng)詞(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,對表語進(jìn)行提問的句子除外。

(3) 代詞做表語一般用主格,口語中常用賓。如：It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。

(4) 只能作表語的形容詞有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請不要發(fā)出響動(dòng),嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對獨(dú)坐孤舟無所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才這樣想的。)

(5) 表語也可以由從句充當(dāng),詳見“ 表語從句”。

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5、定語：

(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問、不定)、介詞短語、不定式(短語)充當(dāng),在初三階段還學(xué)習(xí)了定語從句做定語的知識。如：Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國和瑞士是歐洲國家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學(xué)教師。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)

(2) 單詞做定語時(shí)一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序：

冠詞/

物代

年齡/形狀/

大小/溫度

色彩

來源

質(zhì)地/

材料

目的/

用途

被修飾的名詞(中心詞)

a

the

my

his

…

old,young,…

red,

yellow,

blue,

…

Chinese,

English,

American,

…

wooden,

woolen,

glass,

silk,

paper

…

meeting,

tennis,

sports,

reading,

swimming,

…

box,

shoes,

room,

pig

…

?

long,short,

round, square…

?

?

?

?

?

?

big, large,

small, little…

?

?

?

?

?

?

hot, cold,

warm, cool…

?

?

?

?

?

(3) 時(shí)間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地點(diǎn)副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定語時(shí)放在被修飾的名詞后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)

(4) 介詞短語修飾名詞時(shí)只能放在名詞的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)

(5) 形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí),往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情。)

(6) 定語還可以用從句充當(dāng),詳見 定語從句。

(7) 注意：由于定語屬于修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語、賓語、表語之中,不作為句子的主要成分。

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6、狀語：

(1) 說明動(dòng)作“何時(shí)”、“何地”、“如何”發(fā)生,或者說明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式、狀語從句等充當(dāng)。如：I was not born yesterday.（我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。）/ For many of these families a college education was something new.（對其中的許多家庭來說,大學(xué)教育是件新事物。）/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)房子著火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開)

(2) 副詞作狀語位置較為靈活,詳見《六·2》“ 副詞在句子中的位置以及作用”；介詞短語作狀語,位置基本固定,詳見《七·4》“ 介詞短語在句子中的位置”；不定式作狀語,一般表示目的、結(jié)果,詳見《八·7》“ 動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式”；從句作狀語,詳見《主從復(fù)合句》的“狀語從句”。

(3) 多個(gè)狀語相連時(shí),一般先單詞、后短語,先地點(diǎn)、后時(shí)間,先小概念、后大概念。如：He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22點(diǎn)3刻從房間里出來,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /

(4) 狀語還可以用從句來充當(dāng),有時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句等。詳見“ 狀語從句”。

(5) 注意：由于狀語屬于修飾性的成分,常歸入謂語,因此不作為句子的主要成分。

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7、賓語補(bǔ)足語：

(1) 補(bǔ)充說明賓語的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)的成分為賓語補(bǔ)足語,常由名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞非謂語形式(不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞等)、介詞短語等充當(dāng)。如：Call him Jim, please. (請叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭盡所能讓他開心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (請他明天來。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他讓小動(dòng)物們給他帶食物來。)

(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副詞也可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你說,讓他進(jìn)來！)/ Please put it away. (請把它收起來。)

(3) 不定式或分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的情況,詳見《八·7》“ 動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式”相關(guān)內(nèi)容。

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十二、簡單句五種基本句型：

句子包含主要句子成分(主語、謂語)和次要句子成分(表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語),按照動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)將英語簡單句劃分為以下五種基本句型：

1、基本句型的詞序： 2、劃分符號(沒有統(tǒng)一規(guī)定,僅供參考)：

?

?

?

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3、例句：Jim is working [very hard] [now].（他現(xiàn)在正非常努力地工作。）

She is young. （她年輕。） It looks like rain. （天看上去要下雨。）

The boy [always] kicked the dog [with his feet]. （這男孩老是用腳踢那只狗。）

He has [never] bought me a toy [since last year]. （從去年起他沒給我買過一個(gè)玩具。）

He felt something (cold) <moving up his leg>.（他感到有個(gè)冰冷的東西順著腿上爬。）

4、英語詞類與句子成分關(guān)系圖：

句子成分 詞類或短語

主語*

謂語

賓語*

表語*

定語*

狀語*

賓語

補(bǔ)足語

名詞

√√√

×

√√√

√√

√

×

√

代詞

√√√

×

√√√

√√

√√

×

×

形容詞

×

×

×

√√√

√√√

×

√√

數(shù)詞

√

×

√

√

√√√

×

√

?

動(dòng)

?

?

詞

時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)形式

×

√√√

×

×

×

×

×

?

動(dòng)詞不定式

√√

×

√√

√

√

√√

√√√

?

動(dòng)名詞

√√

×

√√√

√

√

×

×

?

動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞

×

×

×

√

√

√√

√√√

?

動(dòng)詞過去分詞

×

×

×

√

√

√√

√√

副詞

×

×

×

√

√

√√√

√

介詞短語

×

×

×

√√

√

√√

√

[注釋] 1、“√”表示某種詞類可以充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分, “√√”表示某種詞類經(jīng)常充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分, “√√√”表示某種詞類最經(jīng)常充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。 “×”表示某種詞類不能充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。

2、“ * ”表示該成分可以由從句充當(dāng),如主語從句、賓語從句、狀語從句等。

十三、并列復(fù)合句

1、基本概念：

并列復(fù)合句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上并列而又獨(dú)立的簡單句構(gòu)成。兩個(gè)簡單句常由并列連接詞連在一起；但有時(shí)不用連接詞,只在兩個(gè)簡單句之間用一逗號或分號。

2、常見的并列句：

(1) 用來連接兩個(gè)并列概念的連接詞有and , not only…but also…, neither…nor…等,and所連接的前后分句往往表示先后關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。前后分句的時(shí)態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一個(gè)分句是祈使句,那么第二個(gè)分句用將來時(shí)。

(2) 表示在兩者之間選擇一個(gè), 常用的連接詞有or,otherwise,or else,either…or…等,前后分句的時(shí)態(tài)往往保持一致關(guān)系,若第一個(gè)分句是祈使句,那么第二個(gè)分句用將來時(shí)。

(3) 表明兩個(gè)概念彼此有矛盾、相反或者轉(zhuǎn)折, 常用的連接詞有but,yet,still ,however等,前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致。

(4) 說明原因, 用連接詞for ,前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致。

(5) 表示結(jié)果,用連接詞so, 前后分句時(shí)態(tài)一致。

十四、主從復(fù)合句

1、概念：

主從復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句為句子的主體,從句只用作句子的一個(gè)次要成分,不能獨(dú)立成為一個(gè)句子。從句通常由關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo),并由關(guān)聯(lián)詞將從句和主句聯(lián)系在一起。如：While the grandparents love the children, they are strict with them.(爺爺奶奶們很愛孩子,同時(shí)對他們也嚴(yán)格要求。) / It seemed as if the meeting would never end.(看起來會議沒完沒了。) / Hurry up, or (else) youll be late.(快點(diǎn), 要不然就來不及了。) / However I cook eggs, the child still refuses to eat them.(不管我用什么方法煮雞蛋,小孩還是不肯吃。)

2、分類：

從句按其在復(fù)合句中的作用,分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句等。（參見以下各條）

3、各從句在句子中的位置以及用法：

(1) 表語從句：在句子中作連系動(dòng)詞的表語的從句,它位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后。

例如：That is why he did not come to school yesterday. / It is because you are so clever.

(2) 賓語從句：在句子中作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語。

①基本形式：（主句＋）連詞 從句主語 從句謂語 ...

② 關(guān)于賓語從句連詞的選擇：

若從句來源于一個(gè)陳述句,那么,連詞用that,在口語中that可以省略;

若從句來源于一個(gè)一般疑問句,連詞則用if 或whether;

若從句來源于一個(gè)特殊疑問句,則連詞就是疑問詞(如what,who,where,when等)

例如：They believe that the computer will finally take the place of human beings.(他們相信計(jì)算機(jī)終將代替人類。) (從句本來就是陳述句)/ I wonder whether I should say something for him to the headmaster. (我不知道是不是該為他在校長跟前說點(diǎn)什么。) (從句來源于一般問句Shall I say something for him to the headmaster?) / He asked me where he could get such medicine. (他問我在哪兒能搞到那樣的藥。) (從句來源于特殊問句Where can he get such medicine? )

③ 賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)問題：如果主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句則用現(xiàn)在某一時(shí)態(tài),甚至可以用過去時(shí)；

如主句是過去時(shí),從句則相應(yīng)地使用過去某一時(shí)態(tài),遇到客觀真理時(shí)仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：I think I will do better in English this term. (我想本學(xué)期我的英語會學(xué)得好點(diǎn)。) / The teacher asked the boy if the earth is round. (老師問那個(gè)男孩地球是不是圓的。)

④ 下列結(jié)構(gòu)后面的從句一般也作為賓語從句看待：

be sorry / afraid / sure / glad that從句,如：I’m sorry I’m late. (對不起,我遲到了。) / I’m afraid he isn’t in at the moment. (恐怕他此刻不在家。)

(3) 狀語從句：在復(fù)合句中作狀語,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。狀語從句可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步、條件等幾種。狀語從句由從屬連接詞引導(dǎo)。

時(shí)間狀語從句通常由when ,as ,while, after, before, since, as soon as ,since, till (until), while, whenever 等引導(dǎo)。時(shí)間狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語從句不允許使用將來時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。如： When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (媽媽回來了我才會走。)

地點(diǎn)狀語從句通常由 where, wherever等引導(dǎo)。如：Go back where you came from! (哪里來還滾到哪里去！) / I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. (我永遠(yuǎn)也不會忘記去抓住那個(gè)偷我項(xiàng)鏈的賊,無論他會在哪里。)

原因狀語從句通常由because, since, as等引導(dǎo),一般放在句首或句尾。如：He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him. (他出國了,因?yàn)樗赣H給他找了一所好大學(xué)。)

目的狀語從句通常由so that..., so...hat..., in order that... 等引導(dǎo),往往放在句尾,從句中通常含有can / could / may / might等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早為的是趕上第一班車。)

結(jié)果狀語從句通常由 so that..., so...that... 等引導(dǎo),放在句尾。結(jié)果狀語從句一般表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情,故多為過去時(shí)態(tài)。如：He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. (他丟了那么多輛自行車,他決定再也不買新車了。)

比較狀語從句通常由as, than, as (so)...as等引導(dǎo),一般省略從句的謂語部分,只剩下名詞或代詞(用主格或賓格均可)。如：Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我書沒有你多)

讓步狀語從句通常由though (although), as, even if( even though), however, whatever等引導(dǎo)。如：Even if you pay the debt(債務(wù)) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. (即使你替我還了債我也不會感謝你,因?yàn)樗c我毫無關(guān)系。) / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold. (他穿了一件T恤衫,盡管天很冷。)

條件狀語從句通常由if, unless, as long as等引導(dǎo),條件狀語從句一般放在句首或句尾,特別注意,時(shí)間狀語從句不允許使用將來時(shí),而應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder. (即將來到的期末考試你肯定考不及格,除非你更用功。) / If it doesn’ t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking. (如果明天不下雨我們就要去徒步旅行。)

[注意] 1、because與so；(al)though與but；if與so不可以同在一個(gè)句子中成對出現(xiàn)。

2、時(shí)間、條件、原因,讓步狀語從句放在句首時(shí)需要用逗號與主句隔開。

(4) 定語從句：在復(fù)合句中作定語用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。

① 定語從句的位置：放在名詞或代詞的后面。如：The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle. (手上抓了一把雨傘的人是我的叔叔。)

② 語法術(shù)語的改變：被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞；引導(dǎo)定語從句的連接詞稱為關(guān)系詞,其中that、which、who稱為關(guān)系代詞,where、when、how稱為關(guān)系副詞。

③ 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的作用：

關(guān)系代詞who、whom 和whose指人,分別在從句中作主語、賓語和定語。which指物that多指物, 有時(shí)也指人,它們在從句中可以作主語或賓語。定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作從句賓語時(shí)可以省略。This is the thief (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. (這個(gè)就是我們近日一直在找的小偷。) / Please find a room which is big enough for all of us to live in. (請找一間足夠大能住下我們?nèi)w的房間。)

關(guān)系副詞when或where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),它們在從句中分別作時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個(gè)星期前他們吵架的房間。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記第一次見到你的日子。)

④ 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句在句中不能省略,否則主句意思就不完整。非限制性定語從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開,這種從句是一種附加說明,如果從句子中省去,也不致于影響主句的意思。如：She spent the whole evening talking about her latest book, which none of us had heard of. (她一個(gè)晚上都在談?wù)撍罱臅?我們一個(gè)人都沒有聽說過那本書。)

[注解]

1、關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況：當(dāng)先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all, anything等),或先行詞部分含有最高級,或含有序數(shù)詞時(shí),不能用其他的關(guān)系代詞,只能用that. 如：All that Lily told me seems untrue. (Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實(shí)。) / Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside? (能不能給我點(diǎn)里面沒有糖的東西？) / This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. (這是第一輛運(yùn)行于我市的雙層公交車。)

2、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。 如：Do you know the woman who is weeping in the corner? (你認(rèn)識那個(gè)在角落里哭泣的女人嗎？) / Do not tell me any words that have nothing to do with me. (跟我無關(guān)的話,請一個(gè)字也不要說。)

3、關(guān)系代詞作從句的賓語時(shí),常用which或whom,較少使用that或who,而且,關(guān)系代詞常常省略。如：Tom’s father was the first parent whom our teacher talked to. (Tom的父親是我們老師第一個(gè)談話的人。)

4、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時(shí),必須用which或whom,而當(dāng)介詞移到句尾時(shí),則又可以使用that或who. 如：This is the room in which Miss Li once lived. (= This is the room Miss Li once lived in.) (這是李小姐曾經(jīng)居住過的房間。)

(5) 主語從句：在句子中充當(dāng)句子主語的從句叫主語從句。位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前。通常由that,whether以及疑問連詞引導(dǎo)。一般情況下,常用it替代主語從句,而將主語從句移到句尾。如：When we should start is still a question. (我們該在什么時(shí)候開始還是個(gè)問題呢。)

十五、直接引語和間接引語(初中不作特別要求)

1、直接引語和間接引語：在陳述句中,直接引用說話人原來的語句,稱為直接引語。在書寫時(shí),直接引語用引號。用自己的詞語來轉(zhuǎn)述表達(dá)原來說話人說的內(nèi)容,稱為間接引語。

2、直接引語改變?yōu)殚g接引語：

1、直接引語如果是陳述句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下各點(diǎn)：

①不用引號,而用連接詞that,但有時(shí)可省略。

②人稱作相應(yīng)變化；

③主句里的動(dòng)詞如果是過去時(shí),間接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)一般應(yīng)作相應(yīng)改變： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變一般過去時(shí)；一般將來時(shí)變過去將來時(shí)；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變過去進(jìn)行時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變成過去完成時(shí)；一般過去時(shí)變成過去完成時(shí)；但一般過去時(shí)如與一個(gè)具體的過去時(shí)間連用,則時(shí)態(tài)不變。

如：He says,"I am not from the USA.”→He says that he is not from the USA.

Mr Smith said to his girl friend,“ I haven’ t seen you for a long time.”

→Mr Smith said to his girl friend that he had not seen her for a long time.

2、直接引語如果是一般疑問句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),需用從屬連接詞whether或if引導(dǎo),詞序要改變。如：Lin Tao said to Miss Green, "Is it made in China?” →Lin Tao asked Miss Green if it was made in China.

3、直接引語如果是特殊疑問句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),需用疑問詞引導(dǎo),詞序是：連詞 主語 謂語。

如：Lucy said to me, “How can I help?” →Lucy asked me how she could help.

4、直接引語如是祈使句,變間接引語時(shí),須將祈使句變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式,并在動(dòng)詞不定式前用tell, ask, order. 如：He said to the little boy,“ Come here, young man! ”

→He asked the little boy to go there.

5、直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),指示代詞以及表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的詞或詞組應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化：

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在直接引語中 在間接引語中

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十六、倒裝句： 謂語的一部分或者全部放在主語之前的句子稱為倒裝句。

1、THERE BE句型以及以here、there開頭的句子。如： There are a lot of children in the showroom. (在展覽室里有許多的小孩。)/ Here comes the bus. (公交車來了。) / There goes the bell. (鈴響了。) / The door opened and in came Mr Lee. (門開了,李先生走了進(jìn)來。)

2、用“So / Nor / Neither 助動(dòng)詞 主語”倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)表示第二個(gè)人物的情況與上文的人物情況相同。如：Tom went to the beach last week, and, so did I. (Tom上個(gè)星期去了海灘,我也是。) / Li Mei’s bought nothing from the shop. Neither has Jim. (李梅沒有在店里買什么,Jim也沒有買。)

3、在疑問句中,通常使用在主語之前安放助動(dòng)詞的倒裝方法,對主語提問除外。如：How did he find the lost book? (他是怎么樣找到丟失的書的？) / Where are they going to spend the summer vacation? (他們打算到哪兒過暑假？)

4、感嘆句中通常將被感嘆的部分前移,而將句子的主謂語整體后置。 如：What a beautiful flower (it is)! (那是多漂亮的花！)

5、有引號引用某人的原話時(shí),引號外面的主謂一般采用倒裝形式放在句尾,但是,若主語是代詞則不倒裝。如：“What on earth are you doing up there?” said the father. (父親說：“你在上邊到底干什么？”) / “What on earth are you doing up there?”he said. (他說：“你在上邊到底干什么？”)

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十七、附加注釋

die、dead、death的用法：die是動(dòng)詞,可以獨(dú)立做謂語,有各種時(shí)態(tài)變化,也可以變成非謂語形式作句子的其他成分；dead是形容詞,作句子的定語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語；death是名詞,作句子的主語、賓語等。如：I’m going to die! (我要死了！) / The man has been dead for about three months. (那個(gè)人死了三個(gè)月左右。) / He is worried to death. (他急得要死。)