導(dǎo)讀語(yǔ)法梳理：王興剛老師適合人群：英語(yǔ)教師、英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生、初高中生等我不止一次收到同學(xué)們的這個(gè)提問(wèn)，很顯然這是一個(gè)易混知識(shí)點(diǎn)。從專業(yè)的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，同學(xué)們的提問(wèn)雖然....

語(yǔ)法梳理：王興剛老師

適合人群：英語(yǔ)教師、英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生、初高中生等

我不止一次收到同學(xué)們的這個(gè)提問(wèn)，很顯然這是一個(gè)易混知識(shí)點(diǎn)。

從專業(yè)的角度來(lái)說(shuō)，同學(xué)們的提問(wèn)雖然有瑕疵，但是動(dòng)腦思考本身就值得表?yè)P(yáng)。

同學(xué)們說(shuō)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有be動(dòng)詞，是這樣的：

English is spoken by lots of people in the world.

同學(xué)們說(shuō)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)沒(méi)有be動(dòng)詞，是這樣的：

I love the gift given by my friend Tom.

所以你看，的確是有的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有be，比如is spoken；而有的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)沒(méi)有be，比如given。

以上是對(duì)學(xué)生問(wèn)題的回顧與分析，以下是回復(fù)與解答。

正式解答

直截了當(dāng)點(diǎn)，先說(shuō)答案：

• 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)必須有be動(dòng)詞，無(wú)論是be動(dòng)詞的什么時(shí)態(tài)，都必須有be。這個(gè)是底線和原則，不能動(dòng)搖。

• 沒(méi)有be動(dòng)詞的不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而是在句子成分中，充當(dāng)被動(dòng)的邏輯關(guān)系。是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，而不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。常見(jiàn)于后置定語(yǔ)，補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)三種成分中。至于其他的前置定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等也有表示被動(dòng)的，但一般不構(gòu)成困惑。

一、先來(lái)梳理一下被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

Be done這是經(jīng)典的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的格式。因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中有16種時(shí)態(tài)，所以理論上也有16種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。即：每一種時(shí)態(tài)都對(duì)應(yīng)著一個(gè)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

看例句：

1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（am/ is/ are done）

English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的許多人都說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。

2．一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(was/ were done)

My bike was stolen. 我的自行車被偷了。

3．一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(will/ shall be done)

A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一條新馬路。

4．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(am/ is/ are being done)

The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天這時(shí)，機(jī)器正在被修理。

5．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)( was/ were being done)

The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天這時(shí)，機(jī)器正在被修理。

6．將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)( will be being done)

The car will be being repaired at this time tomorrow. 明天的這個(gè)時(shí)候，這輛車將會(huì)正在被修理。

7．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(have/ has been done)

Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到現(xiàn)在為止，已經(jīng)種了二百棵樹(shù)了。

8．過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(had been done)

She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她發(fā)現(xiàn)房子已被暴風(fēng)雨摧毀。

9．將來(lái)完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(will have been done)

By the end of this year,1000 books will have been read by me.

其他時(shí)態(tài)的例句應(yīng)用的地方很少，就不做舉例了。

10. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，舉例如下：

Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石頭制造。

二、再來(lái)梳理一下被動(dòng)關(guān)系

1、過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)

• The machine invented by the scientists works very well.
• The Great Wall of China built in the Qing Dynasty attracts many visitors every year.
• The keys left in the car belong to the cute boy.
• The trees blown down have blocked the road to the clinic.
• The headmaster showed the students some old maps borrowed from the library.

以上這些例句都是后置定語(yǔ)，其實(shí)都是從定語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的。轉(zhuǎn)化的規(guī)則，如果大家感興趣，可以看這里：

定語(yǔ)從句與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化

轉(zhuǎn)化條件

定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞（不包括關(guān)系副詞），在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)（做賓語(yǔ)不能轉(zhuǎn)化）。

轉(zhuǎn)化步驟

（1）將定語(yǔ)從句中的先行詞去掉

（2）定語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞有主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)兩種形式。

如果動(dòng)詞與先行詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，那么把動(dòng)詞改成doing。Noun that V= Noun doing

如果動(dòng)詞與先行詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，那么把系動(dòng)詞去掉，剩done。Noun that V= noun done

轉(zhuǎn)化例句

（1）The machine invented by the scientists works very well.

= The machine which was invented by the scientists works very well.

（2）The Great Wall of China built in the Qing Dynasty attracts many visitors every year.

= The Great Wall of China which was built in the Qing Dynasty attracts many visitors every year.

（3）The keys left in the car belong to the cute boy.

=The keys which were left in the car belong to the cute boy.

（4）The trees blown down have blocked the road to the clinic.

= The trees which were blown down have blocked the road to the clinic.

（5）The headmaster showed the students some old maps borrowed from the library.

= The headmaster showed the students some old maps which were borrowed from the library.

2、過(guò)去分詞做補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

• He saw his face reflected in the water.
• His face was seen reflected in the water.
• With the trees cut down, the environment in this area couldnt be worse now.
• Unfortunately, the man was found buried in the sand.
• For a start, Clarie had to have her luggage checked．

以上例句都是過(guò)去分詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法，補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)又分為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)中大多數(shù)都是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如果能了解和識(shí)別賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，基本就夠了。

3、過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)

• Though trapped in the ruins, the girl still wore a smile, waiting to be rescued.
• Clearly and thoughtfully written, the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
• Admired for its natural beauty, Guilin is regarded as a fairyland of colours.
• Compared with other forms of writing, it is shorter and takes less time.
• Given another chance, he will do better next time.

以上例句都是過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)，至于具體是什么狀語(yǔ)，需要根據(jù)句義去分析。大部分都是原因狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)其實(shí)都是由狀語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的。轉(zhuǎn)化的規(guī)則，如果大家感興趣，可以看這里：

狀語(yǔ)從句與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化

省略條件

①狀語(yǔ)從句；

②狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)。

省略步驟

將狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)去掉。

狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是主動(dòng)的，則改成doing；如果是被動(dòng)的，則去掉系動(dòng)詞，留下done。

可以將狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞也去掉。

轉(zhuǎn)化例句

（1）Though trapped in the ruins, the girl still wore a smile, waiting to be rescued.

= Though she was trapped in the ruins, the girl still wore a smile, waiting to be rescued.

（2）Clearly and thoughtfully written, the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.

= Because the book is clearly and thoughtfully written, the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.

（3）Admired for its natural beauty, Guilin is regarded as a fairyland of colours.

= Because Guilin is admired for its natural beauty, Guilin is regarded as a fairyland of colours.

（4）Compared with other forms of writing, it is shorter and takes less time.

= When it is compared with other forms of writing, it is shorter and takes less time.

（5）Given another chance, he will do better next time.

= If he is given another chance, he will do better next time.

老師講完了，你是學(xué)會(huì)了，還是學(xué)廢了呢？

（完）

作者：王興剛老師（公眾號(hào)|頭條號(hào)|抖音號(hào)：王老師英語(yǔ)教學(xué)），英語(yǔ)教師，從事教學(xué)16年。本號(hào)日常推文主要包括：初高中英語(yǔ)知識(shí)的梳理和剖析，中高考英語(yǔ)考點(diǎn)的講解與總結(jié)。推文主要面向中高考學(xué)生，每日分享學(xué)生們能夠?qū)崒?shí)在在用得到的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)，特別適合雙減后能夠獨(dú)立學(xué)習(xí)的初高中生！